Deck 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

A child is motivated to achieve when his or her personal self-esteem is

A)high.
B)low.
C)medium.
D)absent.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A system of descriptive and evaluative representations about the self is called

A)self-concept.
B)self-awareness.
C)self-definition.
D)ideal self.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When a 4-year-old boy is asked to describe himself,he will typically tell you about his

A)relational self.
B)real self.
C)descriptive self.
D)ideal self.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Four-year-old Marcie would like to hide her little brother's toys in the basement.However,she realizes this will make her brother cry,and she wonders if she will feel bad about this.According to Erikson,Marcie is experiencing the conflict of

A)identity versus role confusion.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)purpose versus will.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Question 5

Understanding their emotions helps children to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)guide their behavior in social situations.
B)control the way they show their feelings.
C)talk about their feelings.
D)control all social situations.

Question 6

When children with high self-esteem experience failure,they

A)attribute failure to themselves.
B)attribute disappointments to their own choices.
C)move on and do something different.
D)persevere and develop strategies that will provide success.

Question 7

At what age do children first begin to take pride in their accomplishments,even when no one is around to see them doing something well?

A)4 to 5 years
B)7 to 8 years
C)10 to 12 years
D)13 to 15 years

Question 8

According to Erikson,which of the following is the central issue of early childhood?

A)Trust versus mistrust
B)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)Initiative versus guilt
D)Identity versus role confusion

Question 9

According to research on children's understanding of emotions,when 4-year-olds do something that has been forbidden by their parents,they feel shame

A)whether or not their parents see them perform the forbidden act.
B)only if their parents see them perform the forbidden act.
C)only if their parents punish them for performing the forbidden act.
D)never,even if their parents saw them perform the forbidden act.

Question 10

According to the text,which of the following is a reason for the difficulty that 3-year-olds have in understanding their own emotions?

A)They do not recognize that they can experience different emotions at the same time.
B)They only experience strong emotions when others around them show emotions.
C)They don't realize that anyone besides them actually has emotions.
D)They do not understand that emotions depend on innate,temperamental factors.

Question 11

When children talk about their own concrete,observable behaviors,they are defining

A)cognition.
B)self.
C)others.
D)none of these.

Question 12

When Austin says,"I am Spider-Man," he is demonstrating a perception of his _______ self.

A)conception
B)real
C)ideal
D)perceived

Question 13

According to Erikson,the conflict between young children's urge to pursue goals and their moral judgments about those urges is

A)initiative versus guilt.
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C)industry versus inferiority.
D)identity versus role confusion.

Question 14

Psychological or behavioral differences between males and females are called

A)sex differences.
B)gender differences.
C)gender stereotypes.
D)gender constancy.

Question 15

Which of the following is a part of self-definition?

A)Recognizing oneself
B)Parental values
C)Developing a concept of the ideal self
D)Developing a concept of self-centeredness

Question 16

In neo-Piagetian terminology,the first stage in development of self-definition,in which children describe themselves in terms of individual unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms,is called

A)deductive.
B)single representations.
C)representational mappings.
D)ideal self.

Question 17

The virtue acquired through successful resolution of Erikson's developmental crisis of initiative versus guilt is

A)hope.
B)purpose.
C)trust.
D)will.

Question 18

Gender refers to

A)role-learning.
B)what it means to be male or female.
C)identification with parents.
D)friendship patterns between males and females.

Question 19

According to Erikson,a child who feels comfortable trying new things,without excessive guilt or fear,is said to have acquired the virtue of

A)will.
B)hope.
C)trust.
D)purpose.

Question 20

The judgment children make about their overall worth is their

A)self-worth.
B)self-concept.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-description.

Question 21

At preschool,Tommy plays with trucks and Mary plays with dolls.They are

A)undergoing gender-typing.
B)acquiring gender stereotypes.
C)learning the sexism schema.
D)becoming androgynous.

Question 22

Gender stereotypes are

A)preconceived generalizations about male and female behavior.
B)often a result of gender conservation and identity.
C)based on myths about sex differences.
D)valuable methods of maintaining social stability.

Question 23

Which of the following behavior patterns is INCONSISTENT with Kohlberg's views regarding the acquisition of gender roles?

A)A young boy has acquired gender constancy and refuses to play dolls with his sister.
B)A young girl has not yet achieved gender constancy and claims to want to be a daddy when she grows up.
C)A young boy has not yet achieved gender identity,and when asked if he is a boy or girl,he says he doesn't know.
D)A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday.

Question 24

Tina realizes that she will never be a boy.According to Kohlberg,she has developed

A)identification.
B)gender awareness.
C)gender stability.
D)penis envy.

Question 25

Research has found that the genders differ in that

A)boys are more physically aggressive.
B)girls are less empathetic.
C)boys are more cooperative.
D)girls know more about taking care of babies.

Question 26

Ruthann has a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia,which has caused her to

A)prefer the gender-specific behavior of other girls.
B)prefer the type of rough-and-tumble play activities that boys generally prefer.
C)show decreased spatial skill orientation.
D)seek out female playmates and reject playing with boys.

Question 27

Gender differences are believed to be influenced by

A)hormones.
B)parents.
C)the media.
D)all of these.

Question 28

Danielle knows that she is a girl,but she becomes angry when she is told that she cannot grow up to be a father."I will,too!" she cries.According to cognitive-developmental theory,she has not yet achieved

A)gender stereotyping.
B)gender constancy.
C)penis envy.
D)an Electra complex.

Question 29

According to Kohlberg,children learn their gender through

A)identification with the same-sex parent.
B)imitation of adult models,reinforcement for acceptable behaviors and punishment for socially inappropriate behaviors.
C)their own active mental classification and organization of behavior to be consistent with that cognitive image.
D)maturation and hormonal changes due to puberty.

Question 30

One of the measurable differences between males and females is that females

A)have a biological advantage for survival.
B)are more physically vulnerable.
C)are more reactive to stress.
D)are more active in utero than males.

Question 31

Mike is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks and trains.He is developing a gender

A)need.
B)role.
C)desire.
D)all of these.

Question 32

Learning one's gender role is called

A)achieving gender identity.
B)gender conservation.
C)gender-typing.
D)gender stereotyping.

Question 33

Melissa is 4 years old,and now wants to avoid dressing "like a boy." She talks about being "a wife and mommy" when she grows up.Melissa is engaged in the process of

A)sex-typing.
B)gender-typing.
C)sexism-generalizing.
D)conflict-resolution.

Question 34

Jessica imitates her mother's gestures,speech,and behaviors.Which of the following terms describes this?

A)Identification
B)Reinforcement
C)Role conflict
D)Gender constancy

Question 35

Research has linked aggressive behavior in certain animals to prenatal exposure to the hormone

A)estrogen.
B)progesterone.
C)testosterone.
D)adrenaline.

Question 36

Brooke becomes upset because a stranger mistakes her for a boy.Kohlberg would say that she has developed

A)gender awareness.
B)gender constancy.
C)penis envy.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 37

According to ___________,male competitiveness and aggressiveness and female nurturance develop during childhood as preparation for these adult roles.

A)evolutionary theory
B)Piagetian theory
C)behaviorism
D)learning theory

Question 38

A baby boy had reconstructive surgery to have his severely damaged penis removed,and thereafter,he was raised as a girl.He rejected this female role as a teenager,providing evidence that

A)gender identity requires more counseling.
B)gender assignment works when the social support is increased.
C)gender identity may be rooted in biological features.
D)gender identity occurs in early childhood.

Question 39

Freud referred to the adoption of the characteristics,values,and behaviors of the parent of the same sex as

A)gender identity.
B)gender-typing.
C)identification.
D)androgyny.

Question 40

A male rat has been given an injection of testosterone.Which of the following behaviors is likely to INCREASE as a consequence?

A)Aggressive behavior
B)Maternal behavior
C)Nonspecific gender behavior
D)All of these

Question 41

Frankie is a second-born son in a family of four.Frankie's gender development will likely

A)become more like his mother's.
B)become more like his father's.
C)become more like his older brother's..
D)be a combination of all family members'.

Question 42

Which of the following preschool children is most likely to show strong gender-typing?

A)Leila,whose mother works full time outside the home
B)Jim,who lives with his divorced mother
C)Jacob,whose father becomes upset when he plays with dolls
D)Marla,whose father includes his wife in all major decisions

Question 43

Some studies have found that parents affect children's knowledge about gender more than their gender

A)identity.
B)schemas.
C)behavior.
D)constancy.

Question 44

____________ are most likely to encourage ____________ to engage in gender-typed activities appropriate for their sex.

A)Mothers;sons
B)Fathers;sons
C)Mothers;daughters
D)Fathers;daughters

Question 45

Rich spends a considerable amount of his playtime making things out of blocks,coloring and painting,and making art projects.Rich is engaged in ______ play.

A)functional
B)constructive
C)pretend
D)generic

Question 46

Social learning theory would predict that watching current television programs will ______ gender-typing.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)eliminate
D)have no impact on

Question 47

Billy sees his father working with power tools.As a consequence,Billy grows up enjoying work with power tools himself,and he perceives this kind of work to be "masculine." The sequence of events is consistent with the ___________________ theory of identification.

A)psychoanalytic
B)gender-constancy
C)social learning
D)conflict-resolution

Question 48

With regard to the social learning theory of gender-typing,research has indicated that

A)boys do not imitate their mothers,only their fathers.
B)most parents punish fighting and reward helpfulness in girls but not in boys.
C)children imitate their parents as well as many other adults.
D)children are more resistant to their parents than to other adults.

Question 49

Social learning theory holds that a child identifies with a parent

A)as a consequence of the phallic stage.
B)after resolving the Electra or Oedipus complex.
C)through observation and imitation,along with reinforcement.
D)because of guilt associated with the stereotyping from parents.

Question 50

According to traditional social learning theory,children acquire gender roles by observing models.Children then

A)pick models that are powerful and nurturing.
B)always pick the same sex parent.
C)avoid patterning themselves after peers.
D)focus only on indirect teaching by parents.

Question 51

In socializing children,parents generally

A)treat boys and girls about the same until age 2 or 3.
B)give girls more latitude than boys with regard to gender roles.
C)show less tolerance for "tomboys" than for "sissies."
D)have little influence on gender-role development.

Question 52

Don is beginning to understand how his culture classifies males and females.Based upon this knowledge,Don is developing patterns of behavior based upon his organized knowledge of male-appropriate and female-appropriate behavior.According to Bem,the patterns of behavior that Don is beginning to develop are organized around

A)sexism schema.
B)gender constancy.
C)gender schema.
D)gender identity.

Question 53

Play that involves repetitive muscular movements involving gross motor skills is called ______ play.

A)functional
B)constructive
C)pretend
D)generic

Question 54

Stacy and Mindy enjoy organized games,play hours of Monopoly,and have become champions at marbles.The girls are engaged in ______ play.

A)functional
B)constructive
C)pretend
D)formal

Question 55

Social learning theory would predict that a boy's peers will provide

A)reinforcement for gender-typed behavior.
B)inconsistency in gender behavior.
C)approval of opposite sex gender-typed behavior.
D)no impact on gender-typing.

Question 56

According to social cognitive theory,

A)parents are the only source of reinforcement of children's behavior.
B)parents and peers in combination influence socialization.
C)children only learn socialization after they begin school.
D)socialization is a complex system involving parents,peers,and other agents.

Question 57

While engaged in play,young children do all of the following EXCEPT

A)stimulate their senses.
B)coordinate sight with movement.
C)practice being quiet.
D)acquire new skills.

Question 58

According to Sandra Bem's gender-schema theory,how do children adopt gender-appropriate behavior?

A)Through identification with same-sex parent after resolution of sexual conflict
B)As a result of imitation and reinforcement
C)As a by-product of achieving gender constancy
D)By following society's behaviors that are matched to their gender.

Question 59

In egalitarian households,the _____________ role in gender socialization seems especially important.

A)father's
B)mother's
C)neighbors'
D)None of these

Question 60

Which of the following statements about the images of males and females on television is true?

A)More females are shown than males.
B)Gender stereotypes are more pronounced on television than in real life.
C)Gender-typing on television approximates real-life gender roles.
D)Gender stereotyping on television has been largely eliminated in recent years.

Question 61

When Barbara asks her father why she is not allowed to play in the street,he says,"Because I say so,and if you don't do what I say,you will get a spanking." This illustrates the ______________ style of parenting.

A)permissive
B)authoritarian
C)authoritative
D)longitudinal

Question 62

Linda has been caught throwing rocks at a neighbor's house.Her parents wish to stop this behavior through punishment.To be most effective,it would be best to have which of the following people administer the punishment?

A)Her mother,who is usually nurturing and affectionate toward Linda
B)Her father,who is usually cold and distant toward Linda
C)A relative who is kind,but whom Linda does not know very well
D)Punishment would be equally effective from any of these three people.

Question 63

Which of the following describes the behavior of authoritative parents?

A)They allow children to make judgments about proper behavior.
B)They rely on strict rules.
C)They never impose punishment.
D)They rely on children's fear of losing their love.

Question 64

Research on corporal punishment indicates that it

A)is more effective than other types.
B)is harmless and does not alter development.
C)is counterproductive and should be avoided.
D)improves cognitive functioning by teaching children to obey.

Question 65

If punishment is used,it is most effective when combined with

A)no explanation.
B)a full explanation.
C)a short explanation.
D)a postponed explanation,so that the child will have time to think about it.

Question 66

Stacy has an imaginary friend,Mindy.Stacy can be expected to be a(n)______ child.

A)happy
B)imaginative
C)cooperative
D)All of these

Question 67

According to the text,which of the following statements regarding solitary play is TRUE?

A)Children in the 1920s exhibited more solitary play than children do today.
B)Solitary play seems associated with independence and maturity.
C)Children who engage in solitary play are at high risk for social problems.
D)Children who engage in solitary play are less mature than children who engage only in social play.

Question 68

An important goal of parental discipline is to help the child develop self-discipline.The most effective disciplinary strategy to achieve this goal is

A)induction.
B)power assertion.
C)withdrawal of love.
D)physical punishment.

Question 69

If punishment is used,it is best administered

A)as soon as the unacceptable behavior begins.
B)only after an unacceptable behavior has been completed.
C)only after the behavior has been repeated several times.
D)by someone with whom the child has little contact.

Question 70

Which kind of parent tends not to set rules but allows children to monitor their own behavior?

A)Authoritarian
B)Permissive
C)Authoritative
D)Egalitarian

Question 71

The tendency toward sex segregation in play seems to be

A)cultural.
B)universal.
C)uncommon.
D)decreasing.

Question 72

Punishment that is consistent,immediate,and related to the offense is called ____________ punishment.

A)prudent
B)imprudent
C)appropriate
D)effective

Question 73

Five-year-old Chad's parents let him go to bed whenever he chooses.He can explore the neighborhood and go to anyone's house anytime he wishes.Which style of parenting is this?

A)Authoritarian
B)Permissive
C)Authoritative
D)Egalitarian

Question 74

A method of molding character,teaching self-control,and encouraging acceptable behavior is called

A)development.
B)discipline.
C)distrust.
D)description.

Question 75

A high level of solitary play may indicate that a child has

A)high levels of maturity.
B)a physical disability.
C)experienced child abuse.
D)high levels of passivity.

Question 76

Ellen has just run across the street against her parents' wishes.Her parents firmly explain to her that she must not do that again because she could get hurt.Ellen's parents are using _______________ as a form of discipline.

A)inductive techniques
B)power assertion
C)withdrawal of love
D)corporal punishment

Question 77

In research described in your textbook,the Korean American preschool emphasized _________,which was NOT encouraged in Anglo-American preschools.

A)independent thinking
B)socialization
C)collaboration with teachers
D)academic skills development

Question 78

Which kind of parental style emphasizes control and unquestioning obedience?

A)Authoritarian
B)Permissive
C)Authoritative
D)Egalitarian

Question 79

Demands,threats,denial of privileges,and spanking are considered ______________ forms of discipline.

A)withdrawal of love
B)power assertive
C)inductive
D)negatively reinforced

Question 80

Two children are playing in the same area.One child plays with blocks and the other plays with cars,dolls,and balls without any attempt to alter each other's play.They are engaged in which kind of play?

A)Associative
B)Parallel
C)Solitary
D)Cooperative