Deck 15: Civil Rights

Question 1

Which of the following occurred during the period including both world wars that facilitated employment and social gains for African Americans?

A)entry into the military by African Americans to serve their country
B)dissolution of segregation in war factories to recruit more African Americans to work in them
C)migration of African Americans to northern cities to seek jobs in war factories
D)greater need for African Americans to work in agricultural production in the South

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When did African Americans begin challenging the doctrine of segregation in the courts?

A)in the 1870s
B)in the 1930s
C)in the 1950s
D)in the 1960s

Answer 2

B

Question 3

When did women win the guaranteed right to vote?

A)during the Civil War
B)immediately after the Civil War
C)at the same time that black males won the right to vote
D)decades after black males won the right to vote

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Federal Courts have applied the 1964 Civil Rights Act in which of the following contexts?

A)reducing racial segregation in housing
B)workplace discrimination against gays and lesbians
C)sexual harassment in the workplace
D)use of race as a factor in university admissions

Question 5

Romer v.Evans (1996)was a victory for __________.

A)voting rights activists
B)gay rights activists
C)disabled rights activists
D)Asian Americans

Question 6

State policies on affirmative action in college admissions are best characterized as __________.

A)consistent
B)stable
C)in flux
D)successful

Question 7

The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.insisted that protest aimed at ending discrimination in the South should be conducted __________.

A)in accordance with the law
B)nonviolently
C)anonymously
D)with all deliberative speed

Question 8

Presidents __________ used their executive authority to fight racial discrimination,despite congressional resistance.

A)Hoover and Roosevelt
B)Truman and Eisenhower
C)Clinton and George W.Bush
E)Johnson and Grant

Question 9

The first federal civil rights law enacted since Reconstruction was the Civil Rights Act of 1957.This law makes it a crime to __________.

A)discriminate in public accommodations on the basis of race
B)discriminate in employment on the basis of race
C)intimidate or threaten African Americans exercising their right to vote
D)require voters to pay poll taxes

Question 10

Rosa Parks was arrested for challenging which of the following?

A)poll taxes
B)grandfather clauses
C)Jim Crow laws
D)slavery

Question 11

The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees citizens the right to vote regardless of __________.

A)race
B)gender
C)age
D)property ownership

Question 12

__________ determine(s)naturalization requirements.

A)The Constitution
B)Congress
C)The Supreme Court
D)States

Question 13

The term "Asian American" describes approximately __________ people.

A)2 million
B)6 million
C)10 million
D)20 million

Question 14

The case of Fisher v.Texas concerned which of the following?

A)the use of race as a factor in college admissions
B)sexual harassment in the workplace
C)same-sex marriage
D)accessibility of facilities to people with disabilities

Question 15

In striking down Colorado's constitutional amendment barring sexual orientation as a protected category in antidiscrimination lawsuits,the Supreme Court used the __________ test.

A)reasonable basis
B)heightened scrutiny
C)rational basis
D)strict scrutiny

Question 16

The Fourteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

A)40 acres of farmland and a mule
B)economic equality with whites
C)citizenship rights
D)debt forgiveness

Question 17

What are natural rights?

A)the rights of all people to dignity and worth
B)the rights of all people to be free of arbitrary government action
C)the rights of all people regardless of sexual orientation
D)the rights of all people to be free from irrational discrimination

Question 18

The civil rights movement pushed for racial equality.When did this movement take place?

A)during Reconstruction
B)during the early 1900s
C)during the 1950s and 1960s
D)after passage of the Equal Rights Amendment

Question 19

__________ was a policy mandated by federal courts to overcome school segregation due to residential clustering by race.

A)Affirmative action
B)Busing
C)School vouchers
D)The quota system

Question 20

In what two ways does the Constitution protect civil rights?

A)by declaring that all people are created equal and stating that all are equally entitled to life,liberty,and the pursuit of happiness
B)by ensuring that government officials do not discriminate against citizens and by granting federal and state governments power to protect citizens against discrimination by private individuals
C)by granting the states the power to ignore any federal laws that the states find are discriminatory against the particular people living in that state
D)by declaring that all people,men and women,black and white,are created equal,and that all forms of discrimination are wrong,whether political,social,or religious

Question 21

What did the Supreme Court decide in Korematsu v.United States (1944)regarding the internment of those with Japanese ancestry living in the United States?

A)It was permissible because the United States was at war with Japan.
B)It was permissible because it only applied to noncitizens.
C)It did not pass the strict scrutiny test,and the internment was promptly terminated.
D)It was unconstitutional,but it was too late to do anything about it.

Question 22

According to the text,in what area has progress on civil rights been the slowest?

A)marriage
B)education
C)employment
D)housing

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describes the global community's attitude toward the importance of education for boys and girls based on the Pew Global Attitudes Survey in 2007?

A)There is widespread support for educating both boys and girls in all countries except those in which education for girls is lacking,where only 14 percent of the respondents viewed education as being important for girls.
B)Most countries support educating both boys and girls,but some Muslim countries are adamantly against education for girls and do not see it as important at all.
C)About half the countries in the world see educating boys and girls as being equally important,and about half believe it is far more important to educate boys.
D)There is widespread support for educating both boys and girls in all countries,even in those where education for girls is lacking,although 14 percent of respondents viewed education for boys as more important.

Question 24

Which of the following would be considered a fundamental right,as defined by the Supreme Court?

A)the right to vote
B)the right to an education
C)the right to housing
D)the right to welfare benefits

Question 25

What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)use most effectively to advance civil rights for African Americans?

A)boycotts
B)litigation
C)nonviolent direct action
D)marches and rallies

Question 26

Proponents of same-sex marriage argue that laws barring same-sex marriage violate the __________ Amendment of the Constitution.

A)Fifth
B)Fourteenth
C)Ninth
D)First

Question 27

What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment serves as a cornerstone of our understanding of civil rights?

A)the all men are created equal clause
B)the equal protection clause
C)the privileges and immunities clause
D)the grandfather clause

Question 28

What was the basis for the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v.Ferguson (1896)that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

A)Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.
B)The Constitution does not prohibit segregation;it only mandates equal protection under the law.
C)Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce,which is regulated by Congress;there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.
D)Each state has the right to interpret the Constitution as it sees fit,as long as the interpretation is "reasonable and without malice."

Question 29

To what extent were the civil rights of African Americans protected after the Civil War?

A)Their civil rights increased in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War and have continued to increase steadily ever since.
B)There were no attempts to protect the civil rights of African Americans until Reconstruction ended.
C)Attempts to protect the civil rights of African Americans after the Civil War were largely unsuccessful for decades.
D)It was two decades after the Civil War before African Americans had civil rights that were comparable to those of whites.

Question 30

In striking down the Defense of Marriage Act,the Supreme Court ruled that __________.

A)the federal government is responsible for defining marriage
B)states are responsible for defining marriage
C)marriage is defined as a union between one man and one woman
D)same-sex marriage is a fundamental right

Question 31

What is the source of de facto segregation and discrimination?

A)practice
B)law
C)the Constitution
D)affirmative action

Question 32

When a law is subject to the __________ test,the burden of proof is on government to justify the classification based on a "compelling government interest."

A)heightened scrutiny
B)strict scrutiny
C)rational basis
D)suspect classification

Question 33

The Supreme Court case of Boumediene v.Bush dealt with which of the following?

A)detention of citizens without counsel or access to a court of law
B)affirmative action plans at Michigan universities
C)the Ten Percent Plan used to increase diversity in university enrollment
D)sexual orientation as a protected category in antidiscrimination laws

Question 34

In the South after Reconstruction,what did the Democratic Party use to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?

A)Jim Crow laws
B)whites-only primaries
C)majority-minority districts
D)de facto segregation

Question 35

Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely have to make to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act?

A)hiring a disabled person instead of a better qualified person without a disability
B)providing better medical insurance for employees who have a disability
C)lowering expectations for the quality of work performed by employees with disabilities
D)installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair

Question 36

The Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v.Texas (2003)primarily enhanced the civil liberties of __________.

A)African Americans
B)Native Americans
C)gays and lesbians
D)disabled Americans

Question 37

In 1960,the Supreme Court made what ruling with respect to racial gerrymandering?

A)The Court ruled that it was in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.
B)The Court ruled that it was in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
C)The Court ruled that it was permitted under the Fourteenth Amendment.
D)The Court ruled that it was permitted under the Fifth Amendment.

Question 38

Which of the following is an accurate statement about naturalization?

A)It refers to the state of being a citizen of two countries.
B)It prevented gays and lesbians from serving in the military.
C)It is a legal act that confers citizenship on a resident alien.
D)It refers to the natural rights of people provided for by the Constitution.

Question 39

Which of the following would be the least likely to qualify for a strict scrutiny or even a heightened scrutiny test by the Supreme Court to determine whether the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause?

A)preventing whites from attending schools designed to serve African American students
B)voter redistricting plans based on the ethnic makeup of various neighborhoods
C)a national hotel chain's policy of requiring proof of citizenship when registering
D)having different minimum ages for men and women to marry

Question 40

What provision of the Constitution did Congress use to justify laws prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations,such as hotels and restaurants?

A)the First Amendment
B)the full faith and credit clause
C)the commerce clause
D)the supremacy clause

Question 41

Why did Congress pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A)because it was clear that the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment
B)because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed
C)to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods
D)because the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

Question 42

Which of the following affirmative action programs would be a clear violation of the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v.Bakke (1978)?

A)considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions
B)considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university
C)considering applicants' academic and extracurricular achievements
D)setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

Question 43

Which of the following strategies for expanding civil rights would the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.have been most likely to support?

A)sabotaging the electricity supply to the homes of segregationist leaders
B)intimidating elderly whites to discourage them from supporting Jim Crow laws
C)boycotting stores that enforced segregationist policies
D)boycotting elections to underscore the problem of African American disenfranchisement

Question 44

Why have some politicians and civil rights leaders begun to focus attention on the concept of equality between groups rather than equality of individual opportunity?

A)because there are large disparities in wealth and advantage between groups that lead to social and economic disadvantages for most of the individuals within certain groups
B)because there is far more power in group protest against discrimination and inequality than in individual actions
C)because the courts are more willing to review accusations of discrimination when they are submitted by large groups of people than when they come from a single person
D)because there are large disparities in political access between groups,and so people from those groups with access need to reach across the aisle and help people from the others

Question 45

How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women's civil rights?

A)It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.
B)It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the strict scrutiny test.
C)It solidified the civil rights women had earlier won through legal victories.
D)It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.

Question 46

What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan,Gratz v.Bollinger (2003)and Grutter v.Bollinger (2003)?

A)Affirmative action policies are generally permissible,but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
B)Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
C)Affirmative action policies are assumed to be constitutional unless an applicant can demonstrate that race affected the admissions decision.
D)All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

Question 47

Under the Fourteenth Amendment,who of the following would automatically be a U.S.citizen?

A)a Finnish immigrant who is studying English in Ohio
B)someone born in Hong Kong who has moved to Detroit
C)someone born in California to Japanese parents
D)the children born in the United States to foreign ambassadors

Question 48

Tests given to African Americans with questions that are far more difficult than those asked on comparable tests given to whites have been used to discriminate against African Americans in what area?

A)employment
B)serving on juries
C)admission to college
D)voting

Question 49

Which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies?

A)Affirmative action helps to compensate for past discrimination.
B)Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.
C)Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.
D)Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

Question 50

How do the rational basis and the quasi-suspect or heightened scrutiny standards of review differ?

A)The rational basis standard requires an important governmental objective for classification;the quasi-suspect standard requires a compelling governmental interest.
B)The rational basis standard applies only to racial classifications;the quasi-suspect standard applies to age and sexual orientation classifications.
C)The quasi-suspect standard of review is applied to a broader array of classifications than the rational basis standard.
D)It is easier for the government to demonstrate that there is a rational basis for a law than to meet the requirements of the quasi-suspect standard.

Question 51

What factors have prevented Hispanics from translating their numbers into comparable political clout?

A)political differences among them,and the fact that many are not citizens or registered to vote
B)programs like "Operation Wetback" and the "show me your papers" provision in Arizona
C)the facts that many of them are not citizens or registered to vote,and many are illiterate
D)their recent arrival in the United States,and the fact that many have not learned to speak English

Question 52

How might the Supreme Court decisions in Korematsu v.United States (1944),involving the Japanese internment,and in Boumediene v.Bush (2008),involving the detention of citizens and foreign nationals who were declared to be "enemy combatants," be viewed in retrospect?

A)Both decisions might be viewed as upholding important constitutional principles.
B)The first might be viewed as a step toward protecting civil rights of citizens,and the second as a step backward in the struggle for civil rights protection.
C)Both decisions might be viewed as hindering the civil rights of citizens.
D)The first might be viewed as a missed opportunity for the Supreme Court to protect civil rights,and the second as a step toward protecting civil rights.

Question 53

Why did southern states enact poll taxes?

A)to raise revenue for the government
B)to ensure that only people who really want to vote would do so
C)to get around the Fifteenth Amendment
D)to enfranchise former slaves

Question 54

What was the Supreme Court's justification for overturning the separate-but-equal doctrine?

A)The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.
B)The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.
C)The Supreme Court needed to step in because the South had been unwilling to segregate educational facilities as required by Plessy v.Ferguson.
D)Segregated schools stigmatize minority children and are inherently unequal.

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation?

A)Jim Crow laws
B)the tendency for churches to be racially homogeneous
C)the small number of African American senators
D)sequestering the jury to ensure a fair trial

Question 56

Why did the Supreme Court rule against the 2011 class action suit alleging sex discrimination against Wal-Mart?

A)The Court ruled that the plaintiffs had not established that their cases were similar enough to proceed as a class.
B)The Court did not find sufficient evidence of sex discrimination.
C)The Court found that the classification based on sex passed the heightened scrutiny test.
D)The Court found that the classification based on sex passed the rational basis test.

Question 57

Why did the Supreme Court strike down an affirmative action program in Gratz v.Bollinger (2003)but uphold a different affirmative action program in Grutter v.Bollinger (2003)?

A)The Gratz program was predicated on promoting diversity,while the Grutter program was predicated on remedying past discrimination.
B)The Gratz program used race as a "plus factor," while the Grutter program relied on a race-based quota system.
C)The Gratz program used a mechanical,point-based system,while the Grutter program used race as part of an individualized,holistic review.
D)The Gratz program classified applicants by race,while the Grutter program classified applicants by ethnicity.

Question 58

Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?

A)an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community
B)a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women
C)job applications that are not made accessible to the blind
D)an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

Question 59

If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity,which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?

A)the First Amendment
B)the Fourteenth Amendment
C)the Nineteenth Amendment
D)the Equal Rights Amendment

Question 60

How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?

A)They both were enacted quickly and easily.
B)They both passed the strict scrutiny test administered by the Supreme Court.
C)They were both based on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.
D)They both sought equal rights for African Americans.

Question 61

The Supreme Court has held that states cannot exclude children of illegal immigrants from public schools.

Question 62

The __________ was enacted in 1990 and is designed to protect the civil rights of disabled Americans.

Question 63

In 2014,the Supreme Court ruled that states have the authority to end affirmative action in university admissions.

Question 64

Under the Civil Rights Act,religious institutions such as parochial schools may not consider religion in employment decisions.

Question 65

The Supreme Court has held that poverty does not constitute a suspect classification.

Question 66

The Supreme Court would likely uphold a public university's admissions policy that awards minority students by bumping up their SAT score by 100 points.

Question 67

In Fisher v.Texas,the Supreme Court struck down the University of Texas at Austin's affirmative action policy.

Question 68

The Supreme Court has prohibited school districts from using race when determining which students will attend which schools.

Question 69

In United States v.Windsor,2013,the U.S.Supreme Court struck down the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).

Question 70

Brown v.Board of Education overturned the __________ doctrine.

Question 71

Poorly educated African Americans are just as likely to fail a literacy test as poorly educated whites.

Question 72

In Plessy v.Ferguson,the Supreme Court overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine that the Court had established in Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 73

Although they are guaranteed certain rights like free speech and freedom of religion,__________ can be denied welfare and many other benefits in the United States and can be barred from employment in certain professions.

Question 74

The __________ Amendment guarantees African Americans the right to vote.

Question 75

Gender classifications are evaluated by the Supreme Court using the strict scrutiny standard.

Question 76

Reconstruction was the era of racial healing that followed the civil rights movement.

Question 77

Since 1980,residential segregation has risen among Hispanics and Asians.

Question 78

Affirmative action programs are designed to give special privileges to unqualified applicants to compensate for past state-mandated integration.

Question 79

Passed in 1830,the __________ required all Native American tribes to be moved from the East and Southeast.

Question 80

Racial segregation in housing persists in the United States due to lower income levels of African Americans and Hispanics.