Deck 1: Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry

Question 1

We live in a world of two realities: _____.

A)expressed and assumed
B)experiential and agreement
C)expressed and agreement
D)experiential and assumed

Answer 1

B

Question 2

There are several errors in human personal inquiry, such as overgeneralization, inaccurate observation, replication, and selective observation.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Casual human inquiry is a more rigorous way of investigation than probability and causality.

Question 5

Making observations in a more deliberate way helps to reduce error.

Question 6

When attempting to make sure that what you are looking at is what you intended to look at, you avoid _____.

A)overgeneralization
B)inaccurate observation
C)illogical reasoning
D)miscalculations

Question 7

Criminal justice research sometimes yields mistaken results, and we are wise to accept research findings with caution even if they come from experts.

Question 8

The existence of exceptions does not support the existence of regularities.

Question 9

Scientists must have which two types of support before they will agree on the reality of something?

A)epistemological and methodological
B)logical and hard facts
C)logical and empirical
D)hard facts and complete data

Question 10

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we are accepting their _____.

A)wisdom
B)expertise
C)authority
D)word

Question 11

Each of us is born into and inherits a culture made up, in part, of firmly accepted knowledge about the workings of the world.

Question 12

Things we consider real because we've been told they are real is which type of reality?

A)agreement reality
B)expressed reality
C)assumed reality
D)experiential reality

Question 13

One objective of this book is to help future criminal justice professionals become _____.

A)informed consumers of research
B)informed consumers of books
C)experts in the department of justice
D)expert readers

Question 14

When we rely on the "truths" of our culture we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority.This is acceptance of _____.

A)traditions
B)myths
C)reality
D)none of the above

Question 15

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of _____.

A)known reality
B)agreement reality
C)experiential reality
D)assumed reality

Question 16

Most criminal justice professionals routinely review which type of data?

A)computer readouts and news reports
B)archived and updated spreadsheets
C)performance reports and statistical tabulations
D)none of the above

Question 17

As you review the research literature, you should make note of how other researchers approached the problem, and consider whether the same designs will meet your research objective.

Question 18

Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of which type of reality?

A)agreement reality
B)expressed reality
C)assumed reality
D)experiential reality

Question 19

Four purposes of research are exploration, description, explanation, and application.

Question 20

We live in a world of two realities;agreement and empirical.

Question 21

Your college has implemented a new policy on campus regarding underage drinking.You want to evaluate its effects.The purpose of your research is _____.

A)exploration
B)description
C)explanation
D)application

Question 22

Determining whether a program designed to reduce burglary actually had the intended effect is an example of _____.

A)explanation
B)evaluation
C)application
D)research

Question 23

Criminal justice research is organized around two basic activities: measurement and _____.

A)variables
B)interpretation
C)descriptions
D)objectives

Question 24

One way social science differs from our casual day-to-day inquiry is that _____.

A)it is a conscious activity
B)it is a subconscious activity
C)it is a formal activity
D)it is an informal activity

Question 25

If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don't fit.If you do, you have just made what error?

A)inaccurate observation
B)overgeneralization
C)illogical reasoning
D)selective observation

Question 26

A _______is the most appropriate method for studying both general concern and fear for personal safety

A)survey
B)interview
C)focus group
D)randomized trial

Question 27

When we attempt to answer questions about why something happens the purpose of our research is _____.

A)exploration
B)description
C)explanation
D)application

Question 28

Three major aspects of the overall scientific enterprise are _____.

A)theory, data collection, selective observation
B)theory, data collection, data analysis
C)data collection, data analysis, funding
D)theory, data analysis, funding

Question 29

What are the two major types of applied research?

A)evaluate specific programs and policy analysis
B)evaluate criminal behaviors and policy analysis
C)evaluate specific programs and policy setting
D)evaluate criminal behaviors and policy setting

Question 30

The final stage of the research process is _____.

A)interpretation
B)literature review
C)analysis
D)application

Question 31

An assertion must have both _________ and _________ support.

A)logical and data driven
B)question and answers
C)logical and empirical
D)research and development

Question 32

You observe police activity in your city for one week, and then you describe what you observed.What type of study have you performed?

A)explorative
B)descriptive
C)explanative
D)applicative

Question 33

The keystone of inquiry is _____.

A)Population sampling
B)research
C)literature review
D)observation

Question 34

What are the four purposes of research?

A)exploration, description, explanation, application
B)exploration, description, funding, application
C)exploration, development, inquisition, funding
D)exploration, development, inquisition, application

Question 35

Social regularities represent _____.

A)probabilistic patterns
B)probabilistic problems
C)probabilistic predictions
D)probabilistic positions

Question 36

During observation, if you choose to follow "the exception that proves the rule," an idea that doesn't make any sense, you have made which error?

A)inaccurate observation
B)overgeneralization
C)illogical reasoning
D)selective observation

Question 37

Reporting why some people believe that police are doing a good job while other people do not is an example of _____.

A)explanatory research
B)idiographic explanation
C)singular explanation
D)application research

Question 38

Which of the following is not included in the "CRAAP Test?"

A)policy
B)authority
C)accuracy
D)purpose

Question 39

Justice organizations are increasingly using techniques of ______ to study patterns of cases and devise appropriate responses.

A)problem analysis
B)research
C)literature review
D)inductive reasoning

Question 40

Whereas people often observe inaccurately, science avoids such errors by making ______ a careful and deliberate activity.

A)reason
B)description
C)fallacy
D)observation

Question 41

Discuss the purposes of doing research.Give an example of each by using a hypothetical from the field of criminal justice.

Question 42

_____________ means repeating a study, checking to see whether similar results are obtained each time.

Question 43

___________ is the final stage of the research process.

Question 44

Casual and _______________ types of reasoning are used when we plan our day.

Question 45

A(n)_____________ is a complex set of relationships among several concepts.

Question 46

__________ leads to misrepresentation and simplification of the problems

Question 47

Tradition and authority are forms of personal human inquiry.Give examples of each by using scenarios from the criminal justice field.

Question 48

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time and detective work are examples of _________________.

Question 49

The production of knowledge based on experience and ___________ is referred to as two realities.

Question 50

Manipulation of the collected data for the purpose of drawing conclusions is known as _____________.

Question 51

According to the _______, a consistent run of good or bad luck is presumed to foreshadow its opposite.

Question 52

Illogical reasoning occurs if you choose to follow the exception that proves the ________.

Question 53

Identify as many types of errors in human inquiry as you can.Explain each by using an example from the field of criminal justice.