Deck 7: Lipids in Health and Disease

Question 1

Which is the correct order for atherosclerosis development?

A)oxidized LDL,LDLs infiltrate the artery,foam cells,plaque,blockage of arteries
B)LDLs infiltrate the artery,foam cell,oxidized LDLs,plaque,blockage of arteries
C)foam cell,oxidized LDL,LDLs infiltrate the artery,plaque,blockage of arteries
D)oxidized LDL,foam cell,LDLs infiltrate the artery,plaque,blockage of arteries
E)LDLs infiltrate the arteries,oxidized LDL,foam cells,plaque,blockage of arteries

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which list contains fatty acids that reduce cardiovascular disease risk?

A)omega-3 fatty acids,trans fatty acids,unsaturated fatty acids
B)omega-3 fatty acids,trans fatty acids,saturated fatty acids
C)omega-3 fatty acids,EPA,saturated fatty acids
D)omega-6 fatty acids,omega-3 fatty acids,and hydrogenated oil
E)monounsaturated fatty acids,EPA,DHA

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Cardiovascular disease is defined as

A)hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels due to plaque development.
B)a group of conditions that impairs the heart and blood vessels.
C)fat deposits that accumulate on the lining of the arteries causing damage.
D)decreased blood flow to the coronary arteries resulting in a heart attack.
E)elevated cholesterol,LDL,triglycerides,and decreased HDL.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which types of fish should be avoided since they may have a high mercury content?

A)salmon and tuna
B)swordfish and king mackerel
C)anchovies and albacore
D)anchovies and sardine
E)trout and tuna

Question 5

Which dietary fat(s)increase risk of heart disease by increasing serum LDL and reducing HDL?

A)partially hydrogenated fatty acids
B)monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids
C)fully hydrogenated fatty acids
D)a high omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio
E)all sterols and unsaturated fatty acids

Question 6

Generally saturated fats increase serum LDL cholesterol,with the possible exceptions of

A)cocoa butter and lard.
B)palm oil and peanut oil.
C)fat from fish and chicken.
D)coconut oil and dairy.
E)fully hydrogenated vegetable oils.

Question 7

Studies have shown that fatty fish and fish oil intake consistently lower cardiovascular disease risk by

A)reducing inflammation and lowering serum triglycerides.
B)reducing serum LDL and increasing HDL.
C)increasing HDL and reducing serum total cholesterol and LDL.
D)reducing serum LDL,triglycerides,and total cholesterol.
E)increasing serum HDL and reducing serum LDL and heart ratE.

Question 8

Epidemiologists refer to regions in the United States with higher risk of stroke as

A)the Bogalusa study.
B)the Nurses' Health Study.
C)the Seven Countries Study.
D)the Framingham Heart Study.
E)the stroke belt.

Question 9

A female patient with excessive abdominal fat,LDL 165 mg/dl,HDL 45 mg/dl,and 250 mg/dl triglycerides has

A)metabolic syndrome.
B)a myocardial infarction.
C)high risk of having cardiovascular disease.
D)low risk of having cardiovascular disease.
E)metabolic syndrome and high risk of cardiovascular diseasE.

Question 10

Which was NOT a risk factor for the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the Bogalusa study?

A)lower education levels in this population
B)high poverty in this population
C)older age of this population
D)starting to smoke at an early age
E)unhealthy dietary habits

Question 11

The patient showing a blockage of blood vessels to the brain may be at high risk of

A)cerebral stroke.
B)dementia.
C)hemorrhaging.
D)myocardial infarction.
E)Alzheimer diseasE.

Question 12

Which dietary recommendation is NOT included in the therapeutic lifestyle changes program?

A)lower intake of saturated fatty acids
B)increase intake of plant sterols and stanols
C)increase intake of fish and fish oil supplements
D)increase intake of soluble fibers
E)lower intake of cholesterol

Question 13

A middle-aged man with blockage of the coronary artery that produced heart tissue damage would have had

A)a cerebral stroke.
B)a heart hemorrhage.
C)hypertension.
D)a myocardial infarction.
E)a thrombotic clot.

Question 14

Nuts are considered "heart healthy" for all of the following reasons,except

A)they do not contain cholesterol.
B)they are rich in unsaturated fatty acids.
C)they are a rich source of phytochemicals.
D)they are low in calories.
E)they are a rich source of antioxidant vitamins.

Question 15

Which is NOT associated with cardiovascular disease?

A)stroke
B)dementia
C)heart disease
D)myocardial infarction
E)atherosclerosis

Question 16

All are factors that increase cardiovascular disease risk,except

A)low socioeconomic status.
B)smoking and drinking alcohol.
C)aging.
D)female gender.
E)sedentary lifestylE.

Question 17

Which dietary fat(s)reduce cardiovascular risk by reducing blood clotting?

A)partially hydrogenated fatty acids
B)omega-3 fatty acids
C)fully hydrogenated fatty acids
D)a high omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio
E)all sterols and unsaturated fatty acids

Question 18

Fruits and vegetables reduce risk of cardiovascular disease by

A)decreasing HDL and LDL cholesterol.
B)increasing HDL and decreasing LDL cholesterol.
C)decreasing oxidized LDL and blood clotting.
D)decreasing inflammation.
E)decreasing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol.

Question 19

Which list does NOT contain three risk factors required to diagnose metabolic syndrome?

A)excessive abdominal fat,high LDL,low HDL
B)excessive abdominal fat,high blood pressure,high blood glucose
C)high triglycerides,low HDL,high blood pressure
D)high blood pressure,high triglycerides,prediabetes
E)high blood glucose,excessive abdominal fat,high triglycerides

Question 20

Which foods are best for reducing inflammation and atherosclerosis?

A)peanuts and cashews
B)red wine and other alcoholic beverages
C)olive oil and coconut oil
D)fatty fish and seafood
E)phytochemicals and dietary fiber

Question 21

A female patient with prediabetes,serum triglyceride 250 mg/dl,and HDL of 45 mg/dl, LDL 95 mg/dL,and total cholesterol 170 mg/dl would

A)be at risk of cardiovascular disease.
B)have metabolic syndrome.
C)be at risk of a myocardial infarction.
D)be at risk of a cerebral stroke.
E)have hypertension.

Question 22

A male patient with excessive abdominal fat,prediabetes,HDL 35 mg/dl,LDL 100 mg/dl,and total cholesterol 175 mg/dl would

A)be at risk of cardiovascular disease.
B)have metabolic syndrome.
C)be at risk of a myocardial infarction.
D)be at risk of a cerebral stroke.
E)have hypertension.

Question 23

Moderate alcohol intake by middle-aged men and women reduces heart disease risk by:

A)increasing circulating HDL cholesterol.
B)increasing circulating LDL cholesterol.
C)reducing blood clotting and increasing heart rate.
D)reducing circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol.
E)reducing stress and promoting relaxation.

Question 24

Which of these patients is at highest risk of a myocardial infarction?

A)an obese male age 25 with a serum HDL of 45 mg/dl
B)an obese female age 25 with a serum HDL of 45 mg/dl
C)a child living in Bogalusa with poor dietary habits and inactivity
D)a male smoker age 45 with a poor diet and a family history of heart disease
E)a female smoker age 45 with a poor diet and a family history of heart disease

Question 25

A male patient with total cholesterol 245 mg/dl,LDL 165 mg/dl,HDL 35 mg/dl,and glucose 98 mg/dl would

A)be at risk of cardiovascular disease.
B)have metabolic syndrome.
C)be at risk of hemorrhaging.
D)be at risk of a cerebral stroke.
E)have dementia.

Question 26

The American Heart Association recommends the minimum omega-6 fatty acid intake while on a 2,000-calorie diet should be _____ calories.Show your calculation.

Question 27

On a 2,000 calorie diet,saturated fatty acids should be limited to a maximum of _____ calories to lower risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population.Show your calculation.

Question 28

All of the following dietary changes reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease except:

A)replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fatty acids.
B)lowering trans fats to less than 1% of total calories.
C)increasing the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio.
D)increasing fatty fish and fish oil intake.
E)increasing plant sterol and stanol intakE.

Question 29

An epidemiology study investigating cardiovascular disease development in childhood in A.biracial populations is known as

A)the Bogalusa Study.
B)the Nurses' Health Study.
C)the Seven Countries Study.
D)the Framingham Heart Study.
E)the stroke belt.

Question 30

Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing:

A)obesity and obesity-related diseases.
B)breast,prostate,and colon cancer.
C)cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
D)neurological degeneration.
E)gallbladder disease and gastrointestinal disorders.

Question 31

Which epidemiology study reported greater risk of heart disease in women with high trans fat consumption?

A)the Bogalusa Study
B)the Nurses' Health Study
C)the obesity belt
D)the Framingham Heart Study
E)the Seven Country Study

Question 32

A 2% caloric increase in _____ can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by 23%.

A)cholesterol
B)triglycerides
C)saturated fatty acids
D)trans fatty acids
E)an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 10:1

Question 33

Which cardiovascular disease risk factors can all be modified with lifestyle changes?

A)diet,weight,and age
B)diet,serum LDL,and HDL levels
C)diet,where you live,and age
D)diet,alcohol intake,gender
E)family history,serum LDL,and HDL levels

Question 34

According to the National Cholesterol Education Program,individuals on a 2,000-calorie diet who are at risk of cardiovascular should limit their saturated fatty acids to _____ calories.Show your calculation.

Question 35

To lower cardiovascular disease risk,the American Heart Association recommends that total fatty acid intake while on a 2,000 calorie should be in between how many calories? Show your calculations.

Question 36

Cholesterol is transported to body tissue by _____ while _____ removes cholesterol from body tissue and transports cholesterol to the liver.

A)chylomicrons and LDL
B)VLDL and LDL
C)VLDL and HDL
D)LDL and HDL
E)HDL and LDL

Question 37

A female patient with total cholesterol 200 mg/dl,LDL 150 mg/dl,HDL 45 mg/dl,and glucose 98 mg/dl would

A)be at risk of cardiovascular disease.
B)have metabolic syndrome.
C)be at risk of hemorrhaging.
D)have hypertension.
E)be at risk of dementia.

Question 38

Which measurements are included in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease,but NOT in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?

A)serum triglycerides and HDL
B)hypertension and HDL
C)serum total cholesterol and LDL
D)hypertension and serum triglycerides
E)excess abdominal fat and serum triglycerides

Question 39

Average serum total cholesterol of 200 mg/dl in the population places Americans at risk of:

A)metabolic syndrome.
B)cardiovascular disease.
C)prediabetes and diabetes.
D)hypertension.
E)obesity.

Question 40

The American Heart Association recommends that the maximum omega-6 fatty acid intake while on a 2,000-calorie diet should be _____ calories.Show your calculation.

Question 41

Name four dietary lipid recommendations by the American Heart Association to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.Explain how these recommendations reduce cardiovascular risk.

Question 42

Describe the role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis.

Question 43

To lower risk of cardiovascular disease,the American Heart Association recommends total trans fats intake while on a 2,000-calorie diet should be limited to less than _____ calories.Show your calculation.

Question 44

Describe how omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intake influences the risk of cardiovascular disease? Provide some rich food sources to reduce the omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio.

Question 45

Provide 4 recommendations of the therapeutic lifestyle changes program to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.Explain how these recommendations reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

Question 46

What was the significance of the discovery of fatty streaks in the arteries of children in the Bogalusa study?

Question 47

List the risk clusters used for diagnosing metabolic syndrome.Come up with a lifestyle intervention plan to reduce these risk factors.

Question 48

Would you suggest fish or fish oil supplements to increase omega-3 fatty acid intake? Explain your choice?

Question 49

What is the difference between a myocardial infarction versus a stroke?

Question 50

Identify four non-modifiable and four modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Bogalusa study.Based on the study findings come up with a dietary/lifestyle intervention plan to reduce the risk in this population.