Deck 9: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Policies that prohibit overt, blatant forms of racial injustice may have little impact on the daily business-as-usual forms of racial discrimination.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Ethnic pluralism requires a change or shift in one's ethnic or cultural identity.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Racism tends to intensify during periods of economic uncertainty and high rates of immigration.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Not all workers in a capitalist system are exploited to the same extent.

Question 5

From the functionalist perspective, assimilation is positive because it leads to social stability by minimizing group differences.

Question 6

Sports provided a means for assimilating and using educational opportunities for members of white ethnic groups in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Question 7

Discriminatory acts are always accompanied by prejudiced attitudes.

Question 8

In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, African Americans are the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States today.

Question 9

The label "Hispanic" has not been fully accepted as an identity by Latinos/as living in the United States today.

Question 10

Although the United States had colonial rule over the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, Filipinos were not considered citizens of the United States.

Question 11

Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States today.

Question 12

African Americans today have the same rate of unemployment as whites.

Question 13

Prejudice may be either positive or negative toward a particular group.

Question 14

Race has much more significance socially than it does biologically.

Question 15

All forms of protest are considered acts of civil disobedience.

Question 16

Millions of Native Americans were killed due to the official policies of genocide established by the U.S. government.

Question 17

According to the sociological definitions, a subordinate group and a dominant group are actually categories, not groups, because members do not necessarily interact with each other.

Question 18

Latino/a or Hispanic are racial designations.

Question 19

Commercialization of sports has put an end to racial discrimination.

Question 20

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has ruled that the use of Native American nicknames and mascots by college athletic teams is essentially harmless and will not be subject to regulation.

Question 21

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society

A) ​multilateral group
B) ​dominant group
C) ​minority group
D) ​subordinate group

Question 22

Although the United States has claimed Puerto Rico as a territory since 1917, Puerto Ricans are not considered citizens of the United States.

Question 23

The term __________ refers to blatant behavior and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group.

A) ​closed racism
B) ​open racism
C) ​overt racism
D) ​subtle racism

Question 24

Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

A) ​subordinate group
B) ​dominant group
C) ​multilateral group
D) ​majority group

Question 25

The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________.

A) ​race
B) ​ethnic group
C) ​tribal group
D) ​folk group

Question 26

The term ethnicity refers to __________.

A) ​feelings of ethnocentrism
B) ​people who share a racial identity
C) ​a person's cultural background or national origin
D) ​a group of people who were all born in the same location

Question 27

Sociologists emphasize that race____________________________.

A) ​is a socially constructed reality
B) ​has no importance within society
C) ​is important biologically
D) ​is established genetically not socially

Question 28

__________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.

A) ​Culture
B) ​Race
C) ​Tribal group
D) ​Ethnic group

Question 29

The definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in __________.

A) ​the eighteenth century around the time of the American Revolution
B) ​the early twentieth century beginning with Jim Crow laws
C) ​the nineteenth century, in efforts to justify slavery
D) ​the Middle Ages

Question 30

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

A) ​prejudices
B) ​discrimination
C) ​profiling
D) ​stereotypes

Question 31

Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________.

A) ​discrimination
B) ​profiling
C) ​stereotyping
D) ​prejudice

Question 32

__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

A) ​Discrimination
B) ​Racism
C) ​Stereotyping
D) ​Profiling

Question 33

Sociologists would term whites in the United States with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) the __________.

A) ​subordinate group
B) ​dominant group
C) ​minority group
D) ​multilateral group

Question 34

__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.

A) ​Ethnocentrism
B) ​Discrimination
C) ​Stereotyping
D) ​Prejudice

Question 35

Used sociologically, __________ most commonly refers to a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

A) ​stereotyping
B) ​discrimination
C) ​profiling
D) ​prejudice

Question 36

In the United States, in __________, for the first time individuals were able to identify themselves on the Census as being of more than one race.

A) ​1965
B) ​1790
C) ​2000
D) ​1880

Question 37

The identifiers Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, and Italian Americans refer to a person's __________.

A) ​neighborhood
B) ​folkways
C) ​racial identity
D) ​ethnic group

Question 38

Between 2000 and 2010, the percentage of Americans identifying as more than one race on the Census increased by __________.

A) ​2 percent
B) ​18 percent
C) ​100 percent
D) ​32 percent

Question 39

In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.

A) ​Henry Aaron
B) ​Willie Mays
C) ​Jackie Robinson
D) ​Satchel Paige

Question 40

Sociologists sometimes put the term "race" in quotation marks because_________________.

A) ​it is not a word used within sociology
B) ​they want to highlight the importance of race sociologically
C) ​they recognize that the term "race" has little meaning in a biological sense
D) ​the word "race" has foreign origins

Question 41

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________.

A) ​unprejudiced discriminator
B) ​prejudiced discriminator
C) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminator
D) ​prejudiced nondiscriminator

Question 42

Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the __________.

A) ​frustration-aggression hypothesis
B) ​unprejudiced discrimination theory
C) ​social learning theory
D) ​authoritarian-personality thesis

Question 43

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.

A) ​prejudiced nondiscriminators
B) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminators
C) ​prejudiced discriminators
D) ​unprejudiced discriminators

Question 44

An umpire dislikes African Americans and, with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this umpire is a/an __________.

A) ​prejudiced discriminator
B) ​prejudiced nondiscriminator
C) ​unprejudiced discriminator
D) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminator

Question 45

A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.

A) ​prejudiced discriminator
B) ​unprejudiced discriminator
C) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminatory
D) ​prejudiced nondiscriminator

Question 46

The __________ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.

A) ​frustration-aggression hypothesis
B) ​social convergence hypothesis
C) ​authoritarian personality principle
D) ​social learning theory

Question 47

A(n) __________ is a person or group that becomes an object of aggression and is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.
​

A) ​ethnocentric
B) ​scapegoat
C) ​minority
D) ​stereotype

Question 48

Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________.

A) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B) ​prejudiced nondiscriminators
C) ​prejudiced discriminators
D) ​unprejudiced discriminators

Question 49

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.

A) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B) ​unprejudiced discriminators
C) ​prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) ​prejudiced discriminators

Question 50

__________ refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.

A) ​Racism
B) ​Prejudice
C) ​Stereotyping
D) ​Discrimination

Question 51

Psychologist Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) __________, characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.

A) ​scapegoat obsession
B) ​frustrated-aggressive demeanor
C) ​authoritarian personality
D) ​ethnocentric persona

Question 52

According to Adorno, the __________ is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

A) ​ethnocentric social learning
B) ​inferiority-superiority complex
C) ​passive-aggressive personality
D) ​authoritarian personality

Question 53

The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

A) ​discrimination
B) ​prejudice
C) ​racism
D) ​genocide

Question 54

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.

A) ​unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B) ​unprejudiced discriminators
C) ​prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) ​prejudiced discriminators

Question 55

__________ is the term for racist behavior that may be hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.

A) ​Overt racism
B) ​Open racism
C) ​Closed racism
D) ​Subtle racism

Question 56

Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat?​

A) ​social convergence hypothesis
B) ​authoritarian personality principle
C) ​social learning theory
D) ​frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 57

One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory.

A) ​authoritarian-personality
B) ​frustration-aggression
C) ​conflict
D) ​symbolic interactionist

Question 58

The explanation for racist and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.

A) ​social learning theory
B) ​an authoritarian personality
C) ​the frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) ​social convergence theory

Question 59

The term __________ is used for people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.

A) ​scapegoat
B) ​mascot
C) ​minority
D) ​stereotype

Question 60

In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism.

A) ​open
B) ​overt
C) ​closed
D) ​subtle

Question 61

__________ assimilation occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry.

A) ​Structural (integration)
B) Psychological
C) ​Cultural (acculturation)
D) ​Biological (amalgamation)

Question 62

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

A) ​Assimilation
B) ​Colonialism
C) ​Pluralism
D) ​Participation

Question 63

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination​

A) ​small-group
B) ​indirect institutionalized
C) ​isolate
D) ​direct institutionalized

Question 64

Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.

A) ​a landlord refuses to rent to a person of a different race
B) ​a group of young men vandalizes the car of a man they believe is gay
C) ​the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families
D) ​under Jim Crow laws, the local library has separate reading areas for whites and people of color

Question 65

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.

A) ​indirect institutionalized
B) ​direct institutionalized
C) ​isolate
D) ​small-group

Question 66

According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?​

A) ​Members of each group have equal status.
B) ​Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.
C) ​Members of each group are pursuing the same goal.
D) ​Members of the different groups are required to cooperate with each other to achieve their goal.

Question 67

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of __________.

A) ​discrimination
B) ​prejudice
C) ​racism
D) ​genocide

Question 68

Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group memberagainst a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.

A) ​indirect institutionalized discrimination
B) ​isolate discrimination
C) ​small-group discrimination
D) ​direct institutionalized discrimination

Question 69

A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

A) ​individual
B) ​marginal
C) ​institutional
D) ​uniform

Question 70

A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.

A) ​isolate
B) ​small-group
C) ​direct institutionalized
D) ​indirect institutionalized

Question 71

When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________.

A) ​isolate discrimination
B) ​direct institutionalized discrimination
C) ​indirect institutionalized discrimination
D) ​small-group discrimination

Question 72

What happens when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their preexisting stereotypes?​

A) ​They ignore the person completely.
B) ​They ignore any behavior that contradicts the stereotype.
C) ​They abandon the stereotypes and accept the person for who he or she is.
D) ​They change their ideas about the stereotypes they held.

Question 73

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

A) ​direct institutionalized
B) ​isolate
C) ​indirect institutionalized
D) ​small-group

Question 74

A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

A) ​individual
B) ​standard
C) ​uniform
D) ​institutional

Question 75

__________ assimilation occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominantgroup traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.

A) ​Biological (amalgamation)
B) ​Structural (integration)
C) ​Psychological
D) ​Cultural (acculturation)

Question 76

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

A) ​Institutional
B) ​Standard
C) ​Individual
D) ​Uniform

Question 77

The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

A) ​functionalist perspective
B) ​social behavior thesis
C) ​relational hypothesis
D) ​contact hypothesis

Question 78

Which theoretical perspective is associated with the contact hypothesis?​

A) ​functionalism
B) ​conflict theory
C) ​postmodernism
D) ​symbolic interactionism

Question 79

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

A) ​Postmodern theorists
B) ​Symbolic interactionists
C) ​Functionalists
D) ​Conflict theorists

Question 80

__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups​

A) ​Uniform
B) ​Individual
C) ​Institutional
D) ​Marginal