Deck 15: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

In any given population, fertility will always be higher than fecundity.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

At birth, the U.S. sex ratio is generally even at 100, indicating that an equal number of males and females is born.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Farming and agricultural-related work continues to be the dominant way of life in rural areas of the United States.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The majority of new urban growth comes from natural increases in population due to high birth rates and lower death rates.

Question 5

Cities undergo economic recovery more quickly than do entire nations.

Question 6

How large is the world's population today?​

A) ​6 billion
B) ​6.5 billion
C) ​7.2 billion
D) ​8 billion

Question 7

From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the city is a faceless and alienating place.

Question 8

Today just a few hundred financial institutions and developers finance and construct most major and minor urban development projects around the country.

Question 9

Demographers who have revised the model of the demographic transition have highlighted the interactive effects of what are actually multiple types of transitions taking place simultaneously.

Question 10

Capitalism and innovative technologies are successfully solving the problems of overpopulation.

Question 11

The conflict perspective on the growth of cities is completely structural in its approach and explanations, focusing on the impact of capitalism.

Question 12

Immigration to the United States has declined in recent years due to job loss and a period of economic crisis.

Question 13

White women have a longer life expectancy than white men; however, African American men have a longer life expectancy than African American women.

Question 14

Neo-Malthusians argue that improving the status of women, reducing religious intolerance, and ending racial discrimination are essential to solving the problem of overpopulation and rapid population growth.

Question 15

There is a lack of consensus among scholars about the consequences of global population growth.

Question 16

Hispanics accounted for about half the population growth in suburban areas in the 2000s.

Question 17

In most areas of the world today, women are having fewer children than they have in the past.

Question 18

Immigration is the only significant factor affecting population size and growth.

Question 19

The demographic transition is an accurate model for describing the process of population growth in all societies.

Question 20

In low-income, less-developed nations, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death.

Question 21

The term fecundity refers to_______________________.

A) ​the number of women between ages 15 and 45 in a population
B) ​the average number of children the women in a population have
C) ​the immigrant population in a given year, plus their new offspring
D) ​the potential number of children born to women who reproduced at biological capacity

Question 22

__________ countries are those in which women are not having enough children to ensure that on average a daughter will survive to childbearing age.

A) ​Low-fertility
B) ​Intermediate-fertility
C) ​Medium-fertility
D) ​High-fertility

Question 23

Which of these is a social factor affecting fertility level?​

A) ​number of women ages 15 to 45
B) ​availability of affordable contraception
C) ​attitudes about ideal family size
D) ​infant mortality

Question 24

The United Nations defines high-, intermediate-, and low-fertility countries according to __________.

A) ​the total fecundity of the population
B) ​the total fertility of the average woman in the population
C) ​the average number of daughters who will live to childbearing age born to each woman
D) ​the level of fecundity minus total fertility

Question 25

According to the categories defined by the United Nations, the United States is a __________ country.

A) ​low-fertility
B) ​intermediate-fertility
C) ​medium-fertility
D) ​high-fertility

Question 26

Which of these characteristics is common to the women throughout the world who are having the most children?​

A) ​They live exclusively in poorer countries.
B) ​They live in urban areas and have little access to birth control.
C) ​They live in agricultural regions where infant mortality is high.
D) ​They tend to come from intermediate-level fertility countries.

Question 27

The primary cause of world population growth in recent years has been __________.

A) ​a decline in mortality
B) ​increased fertility with better nutrition
C) ​more multiple births globally
D) ​increasing immigration

Question 28

__________ refers to the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population.

A) ​Reproduction
B) ​Fecundity
C) ​Fertility
D) ​Fruitfulness

Question 29

__________ is a subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution.

A) ​Ecology
B) ​Demography
C) ​Social psychology
D) ​Graphology

Question 30

The simplest measure of mortality is the __________ rate.

A) ​crude death
B) ​total death
C) ​death quota
D) ​refined death

Question 31

Eighteen percent of the world's population lives in __________ countries.

A) ​ow-fertility
B) ​intermediate-fertility
C) ​medium-fertility
D) ​high-fertility

Question 32

In 2013, the crude birth rate in the United States was almost __________, compared with an all-time high rate of 27.0 per 1,000 in 1947 (following World War II).

A) ​5 per 1,000
B) ​10 per 1,000
C) ​12 per 1,000
D) ​18 per 1,000

Question 33

Demographers use the term __________ for a group of people who live in a specified geographic area and who are under study.

A) ​society
B) ​culture
C) ​country
D) ​population

Question 34

The __________ is measured as the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A) ​total death rate
B) ​crude death rate
C) ​death quota rate
D) ​refined death rate

Question 35

The __________ is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A) ​total fertility rate
B) ​crude birth rate
C) ​age-specific rate
D) ​nonrefined fertility

Question 36

In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was __________.

A) ​kidney disease
B) ​influenza/pneumonia
C) ​accidents
D) ​heart disease

Question 37

__________ is the potential number of children that could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity.

A) ​Reproduction
B) ​Fecundity
C) ​Fertility
D) ​Fruitfulness

Question 38

In low-income countries, the leading cause of death is __________.

A) ​heart disease
B) ​accidents
C) ​infectious disease
D) ​stroke

Question 39

The primary biological factor determining fertility within a particular society is __________.

A) ​number of women ages 15 to 45
B) ​availability of affordable contraception
C) ​governmental policy and regulations
D) ​infant mortality

Question 40

The level of fertility in a society is based on biological and social factors, the primary biological factor being __________.

A) ​the general health and nutrition of women
B) ​the roles available to women in a society
C) ​the prevalent viewpoint regarding what constitutes the "ideal" family size
D) ​the number of women of childbearing age

Question 41

__________ is an estimate of the average lifetime in years of people born in a specific year.

A) ​Life expectancy
B) ​Longevity determination
C) ​Life prospects
D) ​Life projection

Question 42

One measure of population composition is the __________, which is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.

A) ​sex ratio
B) ​rate of gender composition
C) ​demographic transition
D) ​gender gap

Question 43

The African slave trade to the Americas is the most striking example of __________.

A) ​external migration
B) ​involuntary migration
C) ​internal migration
D) ​voluntary migration

Question 44

In 2012, the U.S. infant mortality rate for African American infants was __________ per 1,000 live births.

A) ​7.2
B) ​12.4
C) ​13.8
D) ​19.8

Question 45

Over the past several decades, many people have moved from low-income countries to high-income countries throughout the world. This is an example of __________.

A) ​international migration
B) ​emigration
C) ​internal migration
D) ​cross-national migration

Question 46

The __________ refers to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A) ​underage mortality rate
B) ​infant mortality rate
C) ​child death index
D) ​infant death quotient

Question 47

The __________ is considered an important reflection of a society's level of preventive medical care, maternal nutrition, childbirth procedures, and neonatal care for infants.

A) ​crude death rate
B) ​fecundity minus actual fertility rate
C) ​infant mortality rate
D) ​life expectancy

Question 48

In urbanized areas, __________ may be measured by the number of people who live per room, per block, or per square mile.

A) ​density
B) ​migration
C) ​distribution
D) ​emigration

Question 49

Life expectancy varies by sex. Females born in the United States in 2014 could expect to live about __________ years, compared with a life expectancy of __________ for males.

A) ​68; 72
B) ​78; 75
C) ​81 ; 77
D) ​76; 81

Question 50

In 2010, the leading cause of death in the United States was __________.

A) ​cancer
B) ​chronic lung disease
C) ​diabetes
D) ​heart disease

Question 51

People migrate either voluntarily or involuntarily. Which of these is considered a "push" factor for international migration?

A) ​a natural disaster
B) ​a democratic government
C) ​religious freedom
D) ​employment opportunities

Question 52

__________ refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area; __________ is the term for the number of people within a given geographic area.

A) ​Migration; distribution
B) ​Distribution; density
C) ​Density; distribution
D) ​Immigration; distribution

Question 53

__________ is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency. It affects the size and distribution of the population in a given area.

A) ​Immigration
B) ​Distribution
C) ​Migration
D) ​Emigration

Question 54

Which of these is considered a "pull" factor for international migration?

A) ​a natural disaster
B) ​war
C) ​religious freedom
D) ​harsh weather conditions

Question 55

__________ is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency; __________ is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

A) ​Distribution; migration
B) ​Migration; redistribution
C) ​Immigration; emigration
D) ​Emigration; immigration

Question 56

__________ is the number of people living in a specific geographic area.

A) ​Distribution
B) ​Migration
C) ​Emigration
D) ​Density

Question 57

Globally, the country with the lowest rate of infant mortality is __________.

A) ​the United States
B) ​Japan
C) ​Sweden
D) ​Hong Kong

Question 58

In 2012, the U.S. infant mortality rate for white infants was __________ per 1,000 live births.

A) ​3.0
B) ​5.3
C) ​7.3
D) ​9.4

Question 59

For persons born in the United States in 2014, life expectancy at birth was about __________.

A) ​70 years
B) ​74 years
C) ​79 years
D) ​82 years

Question 60

In the United States, after the Civil War, thousands of African Americans moved from the South to the North. This is an example of __________ .

A) ​international migration
B) ​emigration
C) ​internal migration
D) ​cross-national migration

Question 61

English economist __________, one of the first scholars to systematically study the effects of population, argued that "the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence (food) for man."

A) ​Emile Durkheim
B) ​Max Weber
C) ​Karl Marx
D) ​Thomas Malthus

Question 62

The __________ distribution of a population has a direct bearing on the demand for schooling, health, employment, housing, and pensions.

A) ​sex
B) ​age
C) ​race
D) ​income

Question 63

The enduring significant contribution of Marx and Engels to the study of demography is the suggestion that___________________________.

A) ​poverty, more than overpopulation, is the central issue relating to food supply in a capitalist country
B) ​the population grows exponentially while the food supply growths arithmetically, creating overpopulation
C) ​population would eventually be checked by natural and human-caused disasters
D) ​advanced technology should be used to produce food, not profits

Question 64

A conflict perspective on migration, the __________ suggests that immigrants from lowincome countries are often recruited for secondary-labor-market positions in other countries. Workers from high-income countries are recruited for primary sector employment.

A) ​network theory
B) ​institutional theory
C) ​world systems theory
D) ​split-labor-market theory

Question 65

English economist Thomas Malthus argued that the population would increase in a geometric (exponential) progression whereas the food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression; thus, a __________ occurs.

A) ​doubling effect
B) ​negative check
C) ​preventive check
D) ​limit to growth

Question 66

During the demographic transition stage of ____________, little population growth occurs because high birth rates are offset by high death rates.

A) ​postindustrialization
B) ​early industrialization
C) ​advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) ​preindustrial societies

Question 67

A population pyramid that is actually pyramidal in shape is likely to pertain to __________.

A) ​a high-income country
B) ​a low-fertility country
C) ​a high-fertility country
D) ​an intermediate-fertility country

Question 68

During the demographic transition stage of __________, birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full-time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

A) ​postindustrialization
B) ​early industrialization
C) ​advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) ​preindustrial societies

Question 69

During the demographic transition stage of __________, very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low.

A) ​agriculturalism
B) ​early industrialization
C) ​advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) ​preindustrial societies

Question 70

In the United States, the estimated sex ratio for 2013 was __________​

A) ​75.4
B) ​82.3
C) ​88.6
D) ​97.0

Question 71

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration. The __________ assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

A) ​Marxist perspective
B) ​neoclassical economic approach
C) ​demographic transition
D) ​split-labor-market theory

Question 72

__________ refers one explanation of the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

A) ​Zero population growth
B) ​Population lag
C) ​Demographic transition
D) ​Cultural lag

Question 73

The most commonly used graphic depiction of the age-sex distribution of a population is called a __________.

A) ​demographic diagram
B) ​socio-ecological snapshot
C) ​population pyramid
D) ​actuarial graph

Question 74

Malthus argued that, if left unchecked, the earth's population would exceed the __________.

A) ​technological ability to increase the food supply
B) ​available food supply
C) ​overall ecological balance
D) ​earth's water supply

Question 75

According to the __________ perspective, overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems, ranging from global warming and rain-forest destruction to famine and vulnerability to epidemics.

A) ​Malthusian
B) ​neo-Malthusian
C) ​Marxist
D) ​demographic transition

Question 76

__________ suggests that as the natural resources, land, and workforce in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.

A) ​World systems theory
B) ​Split-labor-market theory
C) ​Network theory
D) ​Institutional theory

Question 77

During the demographic transition stage of __________, significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high whereas death rates decline due to improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition.

A) ​postindustrialization
B) ​early industrialization
C) ​advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) ​preindustrial societies

Question 78

According to some contemporary economists using a Marxist perspective, the greatest crisis today facing low-income nations is __________, not a food shortage.

A) ​natural disaster
B) ​war
C) ​lack of contraception
D) ​capital shortage

Question 79

For economist Thomas Malthus, _________ is the only acceptable preventive check on population.

A) ​contraception
B) ​moral restraint
C) ​famine
D) ​disease

Question 80

Neo-Malthusians refer to ___________ as the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

A) ​population lag
B) ​zero population growth
C) ​the transitional point
D) ​the demographic transition