Deck 7: Ventilation, perfusion, and Shock: Understanding Pathophysiology

Question 1

The cellular structure that is responsible for synthesizing proteins is:

A) mitochondria.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nucleus.
D) sodium pump.

Answer 1

endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 2

The study of how disease affects the functioning of the human body is called:

A) psychology.
B) physiology.
C) pathophysiology.
D) anatomy.

Answer 2

pathophysiology.

Question 3

Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs in two ways: via the red blood cells and:

A) white blood cells.
B) oncotic pressure.
C) hydrostatic pressure.
D) plasma.

Answer 3

plasma.

Question 4

Cells make up tissues,tissues make up organs,and organs make up:

A) organelles.
B) sections.
C) systems.
D) groups.

Question 5

You are on the scene at a local park where a 51-year-old male is reported to be confused and having difficulty walking.Your partner notes that the patient is wearing a bracelet indicating he is diabetic.Upon questioning,the patient is able to report that he has not eaten in 8 hours.Your knowledge of pathophysiology suggests that the patient may be suffering from a diabetic emergency.Glucose is a building block for what form of energy in the cell?

A) Mitochondria
B) Electrolytes
C) ATP
D) Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

What substances,when dissolved,separate into charged particles?

A) ATP
B) Electrolytes
C) Cations
D) Ions

Question 7

The pressure that is created when the heart pushes the blood throughout the circulatory system is called:

A) hyperstatic pressure.
B) osmotic pressure.
C) oncotic pressure.
D) hydrostatic pressure.

Question 8

The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization.What cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?

A) Mitochondria
B) Nucleus
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Sodium potassium pump

Question 9

Janie is having difficulty breathing.Her current tidal volume is 350 mL,and she is breathing at 28 times per minute.What would be her minute volume?

A) 9,800 mL
B) 12.5 mL
C) 342 mL
D) 378 mL

Question 10

The most vulnerable part of the cell is the:

A) mitochondria.
B) DNA.
C) membrane.
D) nucleus.

Question 11

The volume of air that is moved in and out of the chest in a normal breath cycle is called:

A) vital capacity.
B) tidal volume.
C) expiration.
D) inspiration.

Question 12

Which of the following BEST defines adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A) It is the form of energy produced in the mitochondria and is the cell's engine responsible for all cell function.
B) It is the form of energy produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and is the cell's engine responsible for all cell function.
C) It is the form of energy that is produced in the nucleus from glucose and other nutrients.
D) It is the form of energy that is produced in the mitochondria from glucose and DNA.

Question 13

In normal exhalation,the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the chest,which creates a positive pressure.This is what type of process?

A) Inspiration
B) Active
C) Passive
D) Respiration

Question 14

Plasma oncotic pressure is created by the movement of which of the following?

A) Large proteins
B) Contraction of the heart
C) Constriction of the vessels
D) Dilation of the vessels

Question 15

What element does the cell need in order to NOT dehydrate and die?

A) Glucose
B) Proteins
C) Water
D) Oxygen

Question 16

Not all inspired air reaches the alveoli; 150 mL is stopped in the airway leading to the alveoli.This is called:

A) vital capacity.
B) bronchial air.
C) tidal volume.
D) dead air space.

Question 17

Production of energy occurs in what part of the cell?

A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleus
D) Potassium pump

Question 18

The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is:

A) glucose.
B) protein.
C) oxygen.
D) water.

Question 19

Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmit messages to the nervous system,which then triggers the smooth muscle in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments,are called:

A) pressure receptors.
B) stretch receptors.
C) chemoreceptors.
D) volume receptors.

Question 20

Stroke volume depends on a series of factors: one is the force the myocardial muscle exerts to move the blood.This is known as:

A) preload.
B) contractility.
C) automaticity.
D) afterload.

Question 21

Which of the following statements provides reasons for the disruption of respiratory control?

A) A medical, structural, and mechanical failure that has initiated the cascade of life-threatening problems will interrupt this control.
B) A structural reason that has caused collapse of the upper and lower airways to block the flow of oxygen to the alveoli can interrupt this control.
C) Medical reasons, infections, trauma, toxins, and drugs, along with neurologic disorders, can interrupt this control.
D) Mechanical failure, soft-tissue damage, obstruction, and lack of perfusion will interrupt this control.

Question 22

What is the best description of the chest's mechanical functions?

A) The chest is a closed space with only one opening; the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.
B) The diaphragm contracts, causing the intercostal muscles that are attached to the lungs to also contract, which moves the air into the lungs.
C) With the chest being an airtight space, the act of breathing occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm and intercostal relax, which causes the lungs to expand and air to flow into the lungs.
D) The chest is a closed space, and the pleural space surrounds the lungs; when the diaphragm contracts and the intercostals expand, the chest and lungs move outward and downward, allowing expiration and gas exchange in the lungs.

Question 23

A patient breathing in room air should be receiving ________ percent oxygen.

A) 21
B) 5
C) 16
D) 100

Question 24

The metabolism that creates large amounts of carbon dioxide and lactic acid but generates little energy is called:

A) homeostatic.
B) hyperoxic.
C) aerobic.
D) anaerobic.

Question 25

The process by which glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy is called:

A) catabolism.
B) respiration.
C) metabolism.
D) depolarization.

Question 26

If a hole is created in the chest wall,air could escape or be drawn in,or if bleeding develops within the chest,air and blood can accumulate in the pleural space.This would force the lung to:

A) increase respirations.
B) increase the minute volume.
C) collapse.
D) work harder with minimal problems.

Question 27

What is the type of metabolism that occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and nutrients?

A) Anaerobic
B) Aerobic
C) Hypoxic
D) Homeostatic

Question 28

The respiratory system moves air in and out; however,to ________ cells,the air that is inhaled must meet up with the circulatory system.

A) defuse
B) hyperoxygenate
C) register
D) perfuse

Question 29

A condition that is caused by a decreased number of red blood cells is called:

A) polycythemia.
B) erythrocythemia.
C) leukemia.
D) anemia.

Question 30

________ blood returns to the right side of the heart.

A) Deoxygenated
B) Anemic
C) Red
D) Oxygenated

Question 31

A disruption of the balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is critical to regulating:

A) oxygenation and perfusion.
B) blood pressure and cell hydration.
C) perfusion and proper circulation to the tissues.
D) waste removal and urine.

Question 32

The net result of respiratory challenges is low oxygen,also called ________,within the body.

A) anorexia
B) hypoglycemia
C) hypoxia
D) anoxia

Question 33

Our blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and returns with what byproduct of metabolism?

A) Lactic acid
B) Carbolic acid
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Carbon monoxide

Question 34

When carbon dioxide is not exchanged,the net result is high carbon dioxide,a condition called ________,within the body.

A) hyperemia
B) hypercapnia
C) hyperthermia
D) hyperglycemia

Question 35

What is a patent airway?

A) A rigid suction device used to remove fluid and foreign objects from the pharynx to secure the airway
B) A term used by EMS practitioners to indicate that the patient has a secured and opened airway necessary for life
C) The condition of the patient's airway at the start of a lifesaving intervention
D) An airway that is in need of securing via an oral or nasal pharyngeal airway

Question 36

What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?

A) Nose, pharynx, hypopharynx, epiglottis, trachea, crania, mainstem bronchi, alveoli
B) Mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, crania, alveoli
C) Nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
D) Nose, hyperpharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, bronchi, alveoli

Question 37

What is FiO₂?

A) The amount of oxygen delivered via an airway adjunct in liters per minute
B) The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen
C) The concentration of gases in our expired air, which is referred to as the fraction of used oxygen
D) The flow rate of gases provided to the patient by mask or nasal cannula

Question 38

The seat of respiratory control is found in the:

A) nose.
B) lungs.
C) chest.
D) medulla oblongata.

Question 39

The disruption of lung tissue by mechanical forces or medical problems can upset diffusion,which is defined as:

A) the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries.
B) the ability of the lungs to expand equally during inspiration.
C) maintaining enough positive pressure in the pleural space to keep the lungs from collapsing.
D) the exchange of gases in the bronchi.

Question 40

The potential space between the lung and chest wall is called the:

A) carina space.
B) lung space.
C) dead space.
D) pleural space.

Question 41

The layer of covering that protects the nervous system is called the:

A) skull.
B) spinal column.
C) meninges.
D) cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 42

An infection of the brain is called:

A) multiple sclerosis.
B) encephalitis.
C) rhinitis.
D) meningitis.

Question 43

The sympathetic nervous response causes which of the following to occur?

A) Breathe slower and deeper, blood vessels to dilate, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to constrict, and skin to become pale
B) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to dilate, and skin to become pale
C) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to constrict, and skin to become warm
D) Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to dilate, heart to beat stronger and slower, skin to sweat, pupils to dilate, and skin to become pale

Question 44

Injuries to the brain and spinal cord,sepsis,and severe allergic reactions can cause what similar cardiovascular problem?

A) Increased SVR
B) Loss of tone
C) Hypertension
D) Permeability

Question 45

What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system measure?

A) Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide
B) High oxygen and low carbon dioxide
C) Low oxygen and low carbon dioxide
D) High oxygen and high carbon dioxide

Question 46

You are caring for a 25-year-old male patient that has been shot once in the head.The patient is in extremis (near the point of death)with a noticeable breathing pattern that alternates between no breathing and fast breathing.Your understanding of pathophysiology leads you to believe the breathing pattern may be due to damage to the section of his brain responsible for respiratory control,also known as the:

A) medulla oblongata.
B) frontal lobe.
C) cerebellum.
D) thalamus.

Question 47

When the body's water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space,it is called:

A) edema.
B) hydrostatic.
C) dehydration.
D) hypovolemia.

Question 48

Daniel has been performing landscaping on a hot,humid summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels like he might faint.This disruption of fluid balance is most likely caused by:

A) hypotension.
B) hyperthermia.
C) tachycardia.
D) dehydration.

Question 49

You respond to a patient who is choking.The victim is suffering from the most common of airway obstructions.This would indicate that the problem is in the ________ airway.

A) upper
B) bronchial
C) lower
D) alveoli

Question 50

Your patient is an 86-year-old male with congestive heart failure.He called for help tonight because he cannot breathe and feels like he is "drowning in his own lungs." The patient has had several heart attacks in the past and he tells you his "heart is shot." The patient's cardiac output is likely diminished because:

A) less blood fills his heart with each contraction (preload is diminished).
B) the heart's force of contraction is reduced (contractility is diminished).
C) the pressure in the system against which the heart must pump is increased (afterload is increased).
D) All of the above are true.

Question 51

A 59-year-old male has suffered a severe laceration from a circular saw while cutting wood in his garage.Upon your arrival,you find the patient sitting on the floor in a pool of blood.He is extremely pale.Based on your knowledge of pathophysiology,you would expect his body to try to compensate for the blood loss in all of the following ways,except:

A) sweaty skin.
B) increased pulse.
C) constricted pupils.
D) increased respirations.

Question 52

A 19-year-old male is reported to have taken too many narcotic pain pills that were prescribed for his recent knee surgery.He is extremely sleepy with very shallow breathing.His color is pale and his SpO₂ reading is 84%.His body is probably attempting to compensate for his poor level of ventilatory effort by stimulating the respiratory system to increase rate and tidal volume.Normally,respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels of:

A) carbon dioxide.
B) oxygen.
C) pH.
D) glucose.

Question 53

Shock occurs as a result of which of the following?

A) Inadequate perfusion
B) C/Q match
C) V/Q match
D) Adequate perfusion

Question 54

What is the name of the heart dysfunction caused by an electrical source that causes the heart to beat too fast?

A) Tachycardia
B) Trauma
C) Heart attack
D) Bradycardia

Question 55

In the normal drive to breathe,chemoreceptors are stimulated by:

A) diffusion.
B) low carbon dioxide.
C) high oxygen.
D) high carbon dioxide.

Question 56

The human body is made up of ________ % water.

A) 60
B) 7.5
C) 17.5
D) 75

Question 57

You are called to a kindergarten class where a boy has fallen while climbing on playground equipment.The teacher saw him fall and hit his stomach on a step.He is sobbing and holding his abdomen.As you assess him,you find his skin cool and clammy,his pulse is 132,respiratory is 28.Why is the boy acting this way?

A) He is really upset and wants his mother.
B) He is embarrassed and is afraid that the other students will make fun of him.
C) He possibly has wet his pants and does not want anyone to know.
D) He possibly has internal injuries and is in shock.

Question 58

A 12-year-old female patient is having an asthma attack after participating in some strenuous activity during recess at school.She's taken several doses of her own bronchodilator with little relief.Your partner immediately administers oxygen.Providing supplemental oxygen will increase the amount of oxygen molecules carried by the ________ in her blood,helping oxygenate critical organs like the brain.

A) plasma
B) hemoglobin
C) white blood cells
D) albumin

Question 59

Water that is found in the space between cells and blood vessels is called:

A) intravascular.
B) hydrostatic.
C) intracellular.
D) interstitial.

Question 60

Which of the following is an indicator that a patient's nervous system has been impaired?

A) Changes in pupil dilation
B) Hearing disturbances
C) General weakness
D) All of the above

Question 61

What is the most common digestive disorder?

A) Irritable bowel and gastric esophageal disease
B) Vomiting and diarrhea
C) Diarrhea and gastric esophageal disease
D) Flatus

Question 62

You and your EMT partner respond to a local shipping warehouse for a worker who was hit by a falling crate.Upon arrival,you find the man lying on the concrete floor of the facility,alert and oriented but unable to move or even feel his legs below the waist.Based on the mechanism of injury and the symptoms,which of the patient's body systems would you suspect has been impaired?

A) Endocrine system
B) Nervous system
C) Cardiopulmonary system
D) Immune system

Question 63

Your patient is a 22-year-old female that accidentally ate some shellfish and is now having a severe reaction.She tells you that the last time she ate shellfish,"they had to put a breathing tube in my throat and I almost died." Her face is starting to swell up and you can hear audible wheezing when she breathes.The chemical that produces edema and narrowing of the airways during hypersensitivity reactions like this is called:

A) serotonin.
B) acetylcholine.
C) insulin.
D) histamine.

Question 64

When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader,the person is said to have:

A) hypersensitivity.
B) antibody reaction.
C) histamine dump.
D) hyposensitivity.

Question 65

The major organs of the endocrine system are the:

A) brain, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
B) pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
C) kidneys and the brain.
D) liver, pancreas, and the kidneys.