Question 1

Which of the following is the most important risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke?&#10;A) high-cholesterol diet&#10;B) hypertension&#10;C) type II diabetes&#10;D) cytomegalovirus

Accepted Answer

Hypertension is the most important risk factor for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.The incidence of stroke increases directly in relation to the degree of elevation of systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure above threshold values.Atherosclerosis and cardiac pathosis (myocardial infarction,atrial fibrillation)increase the risk for thrombolic and embolic strokes.Additional factors that increase the risk for stroke include the occurrence of trAnswerient ischemic attacks,a previous stroke,high dietary fat,obesity and elevated blood lipid levels,physical inactivity,uncontrolled hypertension,cardiac abnormalities,diabetes mellitus,elevated homocysteine levels,elevated hematocrit,elevated antiphospholipid antibodies,heavy tobacco smoking,increasing age,and periodontal disease.

Question 2

What should be done if a patient has an epileptic seizure during a dental procedure?&#10;A) The patient should be moved from the chair to the floor.&#10;B) The chair should be placed in a supine position.&#10;C) The patient should be restrained.&#10;D) a and b&#10;E) b and c

Accepted Answer

The instruments and the instrument tray should be cleared from the area,and the chair should be placed in a supported supine position.No attempt should be made to move the patient to the floor.The patient's airway should be maintained patent.No attempt should be made to restrain or hold the patient down.Passive restraint should be used only to prevent injury that may result if the patient were to hit nearby objects or fall out of the chair.

Question 3

Afternoon fatigue is most closely associated with which of the following neurologic disorders?&#10;A) multiple sclerosis&#10;B) epilepsy&#10;C) Parkinson's disease&#10;D) Alzheimer's disease

Accepted Answer

Fatigue is a major symptom of multiple sclerosis (occurring in up to 90%),and worsening fatigue occurs in the afternoon.Symptoms are exacerbated by heat (hot baths,sun exposure)and dehydration and generally emerge over a few days before stabilizing and subsiding a few weeks later.Fatigue is managed with afternoon naps,exercise,and amantadine (Symmetrel)or modafinil.

Question 4

Which of the following would be the best choice of restoration for an epileptic patient?&#10;A) all-metal fixed prosthesis&#10;B) all-porcelain fixed prosthesis&#10;C) all-metal removable prosthesis&#10;D) all-acrylic removable prosthesis

Accepted Answer

For fixed prostheses,all-metal units should be considered when possible,to minimize the chance of fracture.Generally,a fixed prosthesis is preferable to a removable one.Removable prostheses are nevertheless sometimes constructed for epileptic patients.Metallic palates and bases are preferable to all-acrylic ones.If acrylic is used,it should be reinforced with wire mesh.

Question 5

Which of the following antibiotics should not be administered to a patient who is taking carbamazepine (Tegretol)for management of epilepsy?&#10;A) penicillin&#10;B) erythromycin&#10;C) ciprofloxacin&#10;D) cephalexin

Accepted Answer

Erythromycin and propoxyphene should not be administered to patients who are taking carbamazepine because of interference with metabolism of carbamazepine,which could lead to toxic levels of the anticonvulsant drug.Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)should not be administered to patients who are taking valproic acid,because these agents can further decrease platelet aggregation,leading to hemorrhagic episodes.

Question 6

Status epilepticus is __________________.&#10;A) the diagnosis of the particular form of epilepsy based on the presence of abnormalities on electroencephalogram (EEG)&#10;B) repeated seizures over a short time without a recovery period&#10;C) the analysis of the response of motor cortex neurons to long-term drug therapy&#10;D) a determination of whether the seizure is partial or generalized

Accepted Answer

Status epilepticus is the occurrence of repeated seizures over a short time without a recovery period.It is a serious acute complication of epilepsy (especially the tonic-clonic type).This condition most frequently is caused by abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsant medication or an abused substance but may be triggered by infection,neoplasm,or trauma.

Question 7

Which type of nervous tissue is affected by multiple sclerosis (MS)?&#10;A) the dura mater of the brain&#10;B) the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS)&#10;C) the afferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)&#10;D) the efferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Accepted Answer

MS is characterized by chronic and continuous demyelination of the corticospinal tract neurons in two or more regions of the brain and spinal cord.Demyelinated regions are limited to the white matter of the CNS and are randomly located and multiple.The peripheral nervous system is not affected.

Question 8

Calcified atherosclerotic plaques seen in the carotid arteries of elderly and diabetic patients on panoramic images warrant referral to the patient's physician because they indicate an increased risk for _________.

A) cardiac arrhythmia
B) orthostatic hypotension
C) stroke
D) ventricular fibrillation

Accepted Answer

Calcified atherosclerotic plaques on panoramic films of an elderly or diabetic patient indicate a risk for stroke and warrant referral to the patient's physician for evaluation.

Question 9

Which of the following is/are true of Alzheimer's disease?&#10;A) By age 85, more than 40% of persons will have developed Alzheimer's disease.&#10;B) Onset of Alzheimer's may occur as early as 40 years of age.&#10;C) The cause of Alzheimer's is unknown but appears to involve the loss of sympathetic neurons.&#10;D) a and b&#10;E) b and c

Accepted Answer

From age 70 years on,the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease doubles every 5 years.By 85,more than 40% of persons will have developed Alzheimer's disease.The onset of Alzheimer's disease occurs between the ages of 40 and 90 years.The cause of Alzheimer's disease is unknown but appears to involve the loss of cholinergic (parasympathetic)neurons.

Question 10

Which of the following is the only medication approved by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA)for the management of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?&#10;A) rivastigmine (Exelon)&#10;B) tacrine (Cognex)&#10;C) memantine (Axura)&#10;D) donepezil (Aricept)

Accepted Answer

Memantine (Axura)is the only medication that has been approved by the FDA for the management of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.This drug works by selectively blocking the excitotoxic effects of abnormal glutamate trAnswermission.

Question 11

Reduction of systolic blood pressure by 10 mm Hg is associated with a __% reduction in the risk for ischemic stroke.&#10;A) 3&#10;B) 13&#10;C) 23&#10;D) 33

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reduction of systolic blood pressure by 10...

Question 12

Which of the following is the leading cause of long-term disability in the United States?&#10;A) heart disease&#10;B) renal failure&#10;C) stroke&#10;D) arthritis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the leading...

Question 13

Parkinson's disease is a disorder of neurons that produce which of the following neurotransmitters?&#10;A) dopamine&#10;B) acetylcholine&#10;C) epinephrine&#10;D) endorphin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Parkinson's disease is a disorder of neurons...

Question 14

Which of the following is the most common cause of seizures?&#10;A) head trauma&#10;B) cavernous malformation&#10;C) cerebrovascular disease&#10;D) idiopathic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the most...

Question 15

Which of the following medications is the primary agent used to treat Parkinson's disease?&#10;A) carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet)&#10;B) pramipexole (Mirapex)&#10;C) tolcapone (Tasmar)&#10;D) entacapone (Comtan)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following medications is the...

Question 16

A deferral of dental treatment is advised for ____________ when treating a patient with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).&#10;A) 3 weeks&#10;B) 6 weeks&#10;C) 3 months&#10;D) 6 months

Accepted Answer

The answer of A deferral of dental treatment is advised...

Question 17

Which of the following is/are true of the epidemiology of epileptic seizures?&#10;A) Seizures are most common in adolescents and young adults.&#10;B) The incidence of seizures in males is higher at every age.&#10;C) Approximately 10% of the population will have at least one epileptic seizure in a lifetime.&#10;D) a and b&#10;E) b and c

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is/are true of...

Question 18

Dysarthria means that the patient will have difficulty _________.&#10;A) swallowing&#10;B) speaking&#10;C) standing&#10;D) sitting still

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dysarthria means that the patient will have...

Deck 27: Neurologic Disorders