Deck 41: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Diarthroses are the most movable and the most complex joints.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which glucoprotein inhibits calcium phosphate precipitation and plays a part in bone resorption by recruiting osteoclasts?

A)Osteocalcin
B)Osteonectin
C)Laminin
D)Osteopontin

Answer 2

Osteocalcin

Question 3

An osteocyte is a transformed osteoblast that obtains nutrients from capillaries in the canaliculi and helps maintain mineral homeostasis.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

When bone is "resorbed" during the process of growth and repair the original bone:

A)is replaced.
B)hardens.
C)is removed.
D)is synthesized.

Question 5

The basic structural unit in compact bone is:

A)small channels called canaliculi.
B)osteocytes within the lacunae.
C)tiny spaces within the lacunae.
D)the haversian system.

Question 6

Which glucoprotein is thought to transport essential elements such as hormones, ions, and other metabolites to and from the bone cells?

A)Osteocalcin
B)Osteonectin
C)Laminin
D)Bone albumin

Question 7

Which bone cells are responsive to parathyroid hormone, produce osteocalcin when stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and synthesize osteoid?

A)Osteoclasts
B)Osteocytes
C)Fibrocytes
D)Osteoblasts

Question 8

In adults, hematopoiesis takes place exclusively in the long bones of the extremities.

Question 9

A procallus is involved in repair of bones.

Question 10

During isotonic contraction the muscle maintains a constant length as the tension is increased, but as the muscle contracts the limb does not move.

Question 11

Which of the following cells function to maintain bone matrix?

A)Osteoclasts
B)Osteocytes
C)Osteoblasts
D)Osteophytes

Question 12

The joint capsule is avascular.

Question 13

The balance between receptor activator of nuclear factor kB-ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) determine overall osteoclast formation.

Question 14

The bone cells that are large and multinucleated and contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes are the:

A)osteoblasts.
B)osteoclasts.
C)osteocytes.
D)fibrocytes.

Question 15

Which bone cell secretes citric and lactic acids to help dissolve bone minerals and collagenase, thus aiding in the digestion of collagen?

A)Osteocytes
B)Osteoblasts
C)Osteoclasts
D)Osteophytes

Question 16

Remodeling is a three-phase process in which existing bone is resorbed and new bone is laid down to replace it.

Question 17

Articular cartilage has no blood vessels, lymph vessels, or nerves.

Question 18

Synovial fluid consists of chondrocytes (cartilage cells), intercellular matrix, protein polysaccharides, and water.

Question 19

How is a-glycoprotein different from albumin?

A)a-Glycoprotein inhibits calcium phosphate precipitation longer than albumin.
B)a-Glycoprotein has an affinity for calcium that is 40 times that of albumin.
C)a-Glycoprotein is able to maintain osmotic pressure 10 times greater than albumin.
D)a-Glycoprotein is able to transport essential elements, such as hormones and ions, faster than albumin.

Question 20

Which of the following minerals are stored in bones?

A)Sodium, iron, and selenium
B)Phosphate, carbonate, and magnesium
C)Potassium, fluoride, and copper
D)Zinc, sulfur, and chloride

Question 21

Which of the following terms describes a freely movable joint?

A)Synarthrosis
B)Amphiarthrosis
C)Biarthrosis
D)Diarthrosis

Question 22

The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves that penetrate to the inner structures of the bone by way of:

A)Volkmann canals.
B)canaliculi.
C)Sharpey canals.
D)trabeculae.

Question 23

The elbow joint is an example of a(n):

A)amphiarthrosis.
B)diarthrosis.
C)synarthrosis.
D)biarthrosis.

Question 24

Which ion directly controls the contraction of muscles?

A)Sodium
B)Potassium
C)Calcium
D)Magnesium

Question 25

The part of an injured joint that becomes insensitive to pain and regenerates slowly and minimally is the:

A)synovium.
B)articular cartilage.
C)bursa.
D)tendon.

Question 26

A neuroregulin is a:

A)chemical mediator that initiates signals from the anterior horn cell of the spinal card to the axon of motor nerve branches of groups of muscle fibers.
B)neurotransmitter that provides a means of reporting changes in length, tension, velocity, and tone in muscles.
C)proteoglycan secreted by neurons that increases acetylcholine receptors.
D)mechanoreceptor that lies parallel to muscle fibers and responds to muscle stretching.

Question 27

Which of the following correctly describes a muscle contraction's four-step process?

A)Coupling, contraction, relaxation, excitation
B)Contraction, relaxation, excitation, coupling
C)Relaxation, excitation, coupling, contraction
D)Excitation, coupling, contraction, relaxation

Question 28

A function of Sharpey fibers is to:

A)anchor the outer layer of the periosteum to the inner layer.
B)contain blood vessels and nerves on the outer layer of the periosteum.
C)help attach tendons and ligaments to the periosteum.
D)attach muscles to the periosteum.

Question 29

In bone, the stage of healing that involves procallus formation entails:

A)formation of a hematoma that allows development of a fibrin network.
B)production of granulation tissue by fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts.
C)development of a primitive bone matrix termed woven bone.
D)remodeling of the periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces.

Question 30

Which statement is false about synovial fluid?

A)It contains protein polysaccharides to repair the synovial membrane after injury.
B)It lubricates the joint surfaces.
C)It nourishes the pad of the articular cartilage.
D)It contains leukocytes to phagocytize joint debris and microorganisms.

Question 31

The greater the innervation ratio of a particular organ, the greater its:

A)fatigue.
B)movement.
C)strength.
D)endurance.

Question 32

Which statement is false about muscles?

A)Muscle comprises 50% of an adult's body weight and 40% of a child's.
B)Muscle is 75% water, 20% protein, and 5% organic and inorganic compounds.
C)Thirty-two percent of all protein stores for energy and metabolism are contained in muscle.
D)Muscles are encased in fascia.

Question 33

Which hormone influences the rate of protein synthesis of skeletal muscles?

A)Insulin
B)Cortisol
C)Parathyroid hormone
D)Growth hormone

Question 34

Which is a characteristic of type II (white) muscle fibers?

A)Slow contraction speed
B)Fast conduction velocities
C)Profuse capillary supply
D)Oxidative metabolism

Question 35

Articular cartilage is anchored to the underlying bone via:

A)Sharpey fibers.
B)collagen.
C)glycoproteins.
D)elastin fibers.

Question 36

The function of the synovial membrane's type A cells within the intima is to:

A)release mast cells to initiate the inflammatory process after joint injury.
B)ingest and remove bacteria and debris by phagocytosis in the joint cavity.
C)secrete hyaluronate, a binding agent that gives synovial fluid its viscous quality.
D)store fat cells and glycogen to provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for joint activity.

Question 37

The fibrocartilaginous joints between the ribs and sternum are an example of which type of joint?

A)Synchondrosis
B)Symphysis
C)Gomphosis
D)Syndesmosis

Question 38

After puberty the epiphyseal plate calcifies and the epiphysis merges with the:

A)epiphyseal line.
B)epiphyseal plate.
C)metaphysis.
D)articular cartilage.

Question 39

The teeth held in the maxilla or mandible are examples of which type of joint?

A)Amphiarthrosis
B)Diarthrosis
C)Synarthrosis
D)Gomphosis

Question 40

The movement of synovial fluid through cartilage is controlled by the pumping movement of:

A)cartiloregulins.
B)hyaluronate.
C)proteoglycans.
D)chondroitin.

Question 41

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each. Stages may be used more than once.
Osteoblasts form membranous or woven bone.Enzymes increase the phosphate content and permit the phosphate to join with calcium to be deposited.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 42

A functional muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts but the limb does not move is referred to as being:

A)isotonic.
B)isometric.
C)eccentric.
D)concentric.

Question 43

In _____ contractions, the muscle maintains a constant tension as it moves.

A)isotonic
B)isometric
C)hypertonic
D)hypotonic

Question 44

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each. Stages may be used more than once.
Osteoblasts continue to restore callus with lamellar bone or trabecular bone.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 45

Which statement is false about aging and the musculoskeletal system?

A)Haversian systems erode, canals nearest the marrow cavity become widened, and the endosteal cortex converts to spongy bone.
B)The remodeling cycle increases because of a decreased ability of the basic multicellular units to resorb and deposit bone.
C)Cartilaginous rigidity increases because of decreasing water content and increasing concentrations of glycosaminoglycans.
D)Muscle RNA synthesis declines, although the regenerative function of muscle tissue is reportedly normal in older adults.

Question 46

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each. Stages may be used more than once.
Periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the bone are formed to the size and shape of the bone before the injury.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 47

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each. Stages may be used more than once.
Fibrin and platelets form a meshwork within the initial framework for healing.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 48

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each. Stages may be used more than once.
Fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts move into the wound to produce granulation tissue.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation