Deck 1: Cellular Biology

Question 1

What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?

A)Lipids
B)Proteolytic cascade
C)Proteins
D)Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by a lack of a distinct nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells have intracellular compartments bordered by membranes and a well-defined nucleus.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Lipids and proteins are the major components of the plasma membrane.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:

A)mitochondria.
B)ribosome.
C)nucleolus.
D)lysosome

Question 5

Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?

A)Ribosome
B)Golgi complex
C)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)Lysosomes

Question 6

The function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is to store energy in molecules of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, but not to transfer energy from one molecule to another.

Question 7

What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes?

A)Lipids and proteins
B)Sodium and potassium ions
C)Carbohydrates and water
D)DNA and RNA

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?

A)Cells can produce proteins.
B)Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
C)Cells can take in and use nutrients.
D)Cells can synthesize fats.

Question 9

Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement cascade may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?

A)Cardiac and vascular disorders
B)Autoimmune and malignant disorders
C)Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
D)Endocrine disorders

Question 10

If cells are deprived of communication from extracellular chemical messengers, most cells experience apoptosis.

Question 11

Lysosomes remain fully active by maintaining an acid pH created by pumping hydrogen ions into their interiors.

Question 12

The chief function of ribosomes is to provide sites for lipid synthesis.

Question 13

What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?

A)The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane.
B)The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane.
C)The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.
D)The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell membrane.

Question 14

Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?

A)Lysosomes
B)Peroxisome
C)Ribosomes
D)Oxyhydrosomes

Question 15

The fluid mosaic model explains:

A)how a cell membrane functions.
B)why our bodies appear to be solid.
C)how tissue is differentiated.
D)how fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments.

Question 16

What prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?

A)Carbohydrate chains
B)Glycoprotein channels
C)Membrane channel proteins
D)Phospholipid bilayer

Question 17

All body cells are electrically polarized, with the inside of the cell being more negatively charged than the outside.

Question 18

Phagocytosis is an example of exocytosis.

Question 19

Diffusion is an example of active transport.

Question 20

The primary functions of the cell nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.

Question 21

Using the fluid mosaic model, a cell is actively capable of protecting itself against injurious agents by:

A)closing down the membrane transport channels to hormones and chemicals.
B)altering the number and patterns of receptors to bacteria, antibodies, and chemicals.
C)increasing the number and sensitivity of lysosomes to destroy bacteria.
D)shifting the bilayer from hydrophobic to hydrophilic in response to antibodies.

Question 22

Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to:

A)lipids.
B)ribosomes.
C)amphipathic lipids.
D)receptors.

Question 23

What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A)Anaerobic glycolysis
B)Oxidative cellular metabolism
C)Oxidative phosphorylation
D)Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation

Question 24

The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which process of fluid movement?

A)Hydrostatic pressure
B)Osmosis
C)Diffusion
D)Active transport

Question 25

Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical contact?

A)Protein channel (gap junction)
B)Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
C)Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
D)Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands

Question 26

Why is "osmolality" preferred over "osmolarity" as the measurement of osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of individuals?

A)Because plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution
B)Because the volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes
C)Because more of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose, rather than by water
D)Because osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as proteins and glucose

Question 27

Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells?

A)Because potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF)
B)Because sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
C)Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
D)Because there is an excess of anions inside the cell

Question 28

In cirrhosis, how does cholesterol alter the fluidity of the plasma membrane of erythrocytes?

A)Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
B)Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which reduces its ability to carry hemoglobin.
C)Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which allows binding of excess glucose.
D)Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which prolongs it life span beyond 120 days.

Question 29

What occurs during exocytosis?

A)Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes.
B)All substances are secreted into the cellular matrix.
C)No repairs in the plasma membrane can take place.
D)Solute molecules flow freely into and out of the cell.

Question 30

How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?

A)Protein channel (gap junction)
B)Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
C)Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
D)Chemical messengers such as ligands

Question 31

Active transport occurs across membranes that:

A)have a higher concentration of the solute on the outside of the cell.
B)are semipermeable to water and small electrically uncharged molecules.
C)have receptors that are capable of binding with the substances to be transported.
D)have a cell membrane that is hydrophobic rather than hydrophilic.

Question 32

A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool.What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?

A)Cells will become hydrated.
B)Cells will swell or burst.
C)Cells will shrink.
D)Cells will divide.

Question 33

How is passive transport described?

A)It is driven by osmosis, filtration, and diffusion.
B)It involves receptors that can bind with substances being transported.
C)It is capable of transporting macromolecules.
D)It requires energy generated by the cell.

Question 34

How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?

A)By passive electrolyte channels
B)By coupled channels
C)By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
D)By diffusion

Question 35

Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized?

A)Paracrine signaling
B)Autocrine signaling
C)Neurotransmitter signaling
D)Hormone signaling

Question 36

When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by:

A)guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
B)adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
C)adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
D)guanosine diphosphate (GDP).

Question 37

What is the name of the method of transport that uses transmembrane proteins with receptors that have a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported?

A)Active transport
B)Mediated transport
C)Transmembranous transport
D)Passive transport

Question 38

How is the transport of glucose from the blood to the cell accomplished?

A)By active-mediated transport (active transport)
B)By active diffusion
C)By passive osmosis
D)By passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)

Question 39

Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away?

A)Paracrine signaling
B)Autocrine signaling
C)Neurotransmitter signaling
D)Hormone signaling

Question 40

Under anaerobic conditions, the process of ______________ provides energy for the cell.

A)oxidative phosphorylation
B)glycolysis
C)lactolysis
D)passive transport

Question 41

What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?

A)They provide growth factor for tissue growth and development.
B)They block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle.
C)They restrain cell growth and development.
D)They provide nutrients for cell growth and development.

Question 42

Match the structure with its function. Answers may be used more than once.
Provides energy to digest proteins into amino acids

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 43

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential?

A)Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
B)Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
C)Sodium gates close allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.
D)Potassium gates close allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.

Question 44

Match the structure with its function. Answers may be used more than once.
Protein carrier

A)Passive-mediated transport
B)Active-mediated transport
C)Osmosis

Question 45

Which cells, if any, lose their ability to replicate and divide?

A)None; all cells have the ability to replicate and divide.
B)Cells of the lung and intestinal tract
C)Cells of the skin
D)Cells of the lens of the eye and skeletal muscle

Question 46

Match the structure with its function. Answers may be used more than once.
Movement of water

A)Passive-mediated transport
B)Active-mediated transport
C)Osmosis

Question 47

Cellular reproduction is a process that:

A)often takes months or years to complete.
B)typically has a short interphase.
C)results in two diploid cells called daughter cells.
D)involves the interaction of male and female cells.

Question 48

The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on:

A)receptor-mediated exocytosis.
B)antiport system.
C)receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D)passive transport.

Question 49

Match the structure with its function. Answers may be used more than once.
Facilitated diffusion

A)Passive-mediated transport
B)Active-mediated transport
C)Osmosis

Question 50

Match the structure with its function. Answers may be used more than once.
Packages and transports proteins

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 51

Match the structure with its function. Answers may be used more than once.
Synthesizes and transports lipids

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 52

The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate production of:

A)platelets.
B)epidermal cells.
C)connective tissue cells.
D)fibroblast cells.

Question 53

Match the structure with its function. Answers may be used more than once.
Fuses with the plasma membrane to release contents from the cell

A)Endoplasmic reticulum
B)Ribosome
C)Secretory vesicle
D)Lysosomes

Question 54

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

A)G₁
B)S
C)G₂
D)M