Deck 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Question 1

Which organs are affected by lead consumption?

A)Heart and blood vessels
B)Muscles and bones
C)Pancreas and adrenal glands
D)Nerves and blood-forming organs

Answer 1

Nerves and blood-forming organs

Question 2

Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?

A)Cells shrink because of the influx of Ca.
B)Cells shrink because of the influx of KCl.
C)Cells swell because of the influx of NaCl.
D)Cells swell because of the influx of NO.

Answer 3

Cells swell because of the influx of NaCl.

Question 4

Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but may become malignant.

Question 5

The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:

A)compensatory hyperplasia.
B)hormonal hyperplasia.
C)hormonal anaplasia.
D)hormonal dysplasia.

Question 6

Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A)Hyperplasia
B)Metaplasia
C)Dysplasia
D)Anaplasia

Question 7

Aging is the result of a genetically controlled development program or built-in self-destructive processes.

Question 8

A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.The man is correctly told that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking.

Question 9

Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of:

A)sodium and chloride.
B)potassium.
C)calcium.
D)ATP.

Question 10

The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia.

Question 11

Nondividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia.

Question 12

What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?

A)Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
B)Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production.
C)Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell.
D)Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton.

Question 13

Noise, illumination, and prolonged vibrations can cause cellular injury.

Question 14

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together.

Question 15

What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?

A)Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis.
B)Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.
C)Reduction in ATP production caused by edema from an influx in sodium
D)Shift of potassium out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure

Question 16

Melanin protects skin against long exposure to sunlight and prevents skin cancer.

Question 17

Irreversible damage to the myocardium can be detected by elevation in the contractile protein called troponin, which is released from the myocardial muscle.

Question 18

Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

A)Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
B)Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
C)Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease
D)Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia

Question 19

Chemical injuries initiate biochemical reactions that damage cell membranes by decreasing the permeability of the plasma membrane.

Question 20

How do free radicals cause cell damage?

A)By stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia
B)By stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes
C)By transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane causing lysis
D)By giving up an electron, causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane

Question 21

What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?

A)Bacteriologic necrosis
B)Caseous necrosis
C)Liquefactive necrosis
D)Gangrenous necrosis

Question 22

When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells?

A)They divide.
B)They increase in size.
C)They increase in number.
D)They undergo metaplasia.

Question 23

Hemosiderosis is a condition in which excess _________ is stored as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues.

A)hemoglobin
B)ferritin
C)iron
D)transferrin

Question 24

What effect does fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) have on infants?

A)Failure of alveoli to open at birth
B)Cognitive impairment and facial anomalies
C)Incompetent semilunar values (e.g., aortic and pulmonic)
D)Esophageal stricture and short gut syndrome

Question 25

What organs are affected by the type of necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or caused by chemical injury?

A)Lungs and pulmonary vessels
B)Brain and spinal cord
C)Kidneys and heart
D)Muscles and bones

Question 26

After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an example of hormonal:

A)hyperplasia.
B)dysplasia.
C)hypertrophy.
D)anaplasia.

Question 27

Acute alcoholism mainly affects the ______________ system.

A)hepatic
B)gastrointestinal
C)renal
D)central nervous

Question 28

What causes hemoprotein accumulations?

A)Excessive storage of iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream
B)Excessive storage of hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells
C)Excessive storage of albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream
D)Excessive storage of amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream

Question 29

What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?

A)Coagulative necrosis
B)Liquefactive necrosis
C)Caseous necrosis
D)Gangrene necrosis

Question 30

In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?

A)Because the cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia
B)Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell
C)Because the lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium within the cell
D)Because sodium cannot be transported in the cytosol to the cell membrane during hypoxia

Question 31

What, if any, is the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma?

A)There is no difference. These terms may be used interchangeably.
B)A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura.
C)A subdural hematoma usually is formed from venous blood that collects slowly, whereas an epidural hematoma is formed from arterial blood that collects rapidly.
D)A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull such as an aneurysm eruption, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull such as a blunt force trauma.

Question 32

How does lead poisoning affect the nervous system?

A)It interferes with the function of neurotransmitters.
B)It inhibits production of myelin around nerves.
C)It increases the resting membrane potential.
D)It alters the transport of potassium into the nerves during synapse.

Question 33

What is the most common site of lipid accumulation?

A)Coronary and other arteries
B)Kidneys
C)Liver
D)Subcutaneous tissue

Question 34

Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells.

A)dysplasia
B)metaplasia
C)compensatory hyperplasia
D)compensatory dysplasia

Question 35

What physiologic changes occur during heat exhaustion?

A)Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water.
B)Cramping of voluntary muscles occurs as a result of salt loss.
C)Thermoregulation fails because of high core temperatures.
D)Subcutaneous layers are damaged because of high core temperatures.

Question 36

What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation?

A)Activation of endonuclease, which interferes with the binding of calcium to protein
B)Activation of phospholipases, which degrade the proteins to which calcium normally binds
C)An influx of phosphate ions, which compete with calcium for binding to proteins
D)Depletion of ATP, which normally pumps calcium from the cell

Question 37

The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:

A)dysplasia.
B)pathologic dysplasia.
C)hyperplasia.
D)pathologic hyperplasia.

Question 38

How does carbon monoxide cause tissue damage?

A)By competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted
B)By binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen
C)By destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen
D)By removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen

Question 39

What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene?

A)Coagulative necrosis
B)Liquefactive necrosis
C)Caseous necrosis
D)Gangrene necrosis

Question 40

What mechanisms occur in the liver after lipid accumulation in liver cells?

A)Accumulation of lipids that obstruct the common bile duct, preventing flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder
B)Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins
C)Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins
D)Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids

Question 41

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
Changes in gonads as hormonal stimulation decreases

A)Physiologic atrophy
B)Pathologic atrophy
C)Physiologic hypertrophy
D)Pathologic hypertrophy
E)Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 42

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why do sodium and water move into the cell?

A)Because potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related
B)Because the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP
C)Because the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane
D)Because oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell

Question 43

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
Liver regeneration

A)Physiologic atrophy
B)Pathologic atrophy
C)Physiologic hypertrophy
D)Pathologic hypertrophy
E)Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 44

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
Thymus gland changes during childhood

A)Physiologic atrophy
B)Pathologic atrophy
C)Physiologic hypertrophy
D)Pathologic hypertrophy
E)Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 45

Which is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis?

A)A programmed cell death of scattered, single cells
B)Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm
C)Has unpredictable patterns of cell death
D)Results in benign malignancies

Question 46

Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?

A)Plasma membrane
B)Mitochondria
C)DNA
D)Golgi body

Question 47

In decompression sickness (the "bends"), bubbles of _____ form emboli.

A)oxygen
B)nitrogen
C)carbon dioxide
D)hydrogen

Question 48

What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

A)Hypoxic injury
B)Chemical injury
C)Infectious injury
D)Genetic injury

Question 49

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why is there an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell?

A)Because plasma proteins enter the cell
B)Because the ATPase-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia
C)Because sodium chloride enters the cell
D)Because there is an influx of glucose through the injured cell membranes

Question 50

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
Causes myocardial enlargement as a result of dilated cardiac chambers

A)Physiologic atrophy
B)Pathologic atrophy
C)Physiologic hypertrophy
D)Pathologic hypertrophy
E)Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 51

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
Increases in the size of the uterus and breasts during pregnancy

A)Physiologic atrophy
B)Pathologic atrophy
C)Physiologic hypertrophy
D)Pathologic hypertrophy
E)Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 52

What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?

A)Acoustic trauma and noise-induced
B)High-frequency and low-frequency
C)High-frequency and acoustic trauma
D)Noise-induced and low-frequency