Deck 6: Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Question 1

_____ may activate the complement system.

A)Viruses
B)Antigen-antibody complexes
C)Mast cells
D)Macrophages

Answer 1

Antigen-antibody complexes

Question 2

One purpose of the inflammatory process is to:

A)provide specific responses toward antigens.
B)lyse cell membranes of microorganisms.
C)prevent infection of the injured tissue.
D)create immunity against subsequent tissue injury.

Answer 2

prevent infection of the injured tissue.

Question 3

Neutrophils are involved in activation of the adaptive immune system.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Which secretion provides antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids as well as lactic acid to provide a first line of defense?

A)Tears
B)Saliva
C)Perspiration
D)Sebaceous glands

Question 5

The inflammatory response is the body's first line of defense.

Question 6

Nonpathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract produce chemicals that inhibit colonization of pathogenic microorganisms.

Question 7

Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?

A)Complement cascade
B)Clotting system
C)Kinin system
D)Immune system

Question 8

Surfactant proteins A and D provide innate resistance by:

A)initiating the complement cascade.
B)promoting phagocytosis.
C)secreting mucus.
D)synthesizing lysosomes.

Question 9

Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy?

A)Lactobacillus
B)Candida albicans
C)Clostridium difficile
D)Helicobacter pylori

Question 10

Many of the normal bacterial flora in the intestines produce vitamin K and assist with the absorption of calcium, iron, and magnesium.

Question 11

Opsonization is a process that renders bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Question 12

Several bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are resistant to killing by granulocytes and can survive inside macrophages.

Question 13

What process causes heat and redness that occur during the inflammatory process?

A)Vasodilation
B)Platelet aggregation
C)Increased capillary permeability
D)Endothelial cell contraction

Question 14

The main functions of natural killer (NK) cells are recognition and elimination of bacteria.

Question 15

Activated T and B lymphocytes provide innate immunity.

Question 16

What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?

A)Vasodilation
B)Increased capillary permeability
C)Endothelial cell contraction
D)Emigration of neutrophils

Question 17

Which of the following is a vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?

A)Platelet adhesion
B)Initiation of the clotting cascade
C)Vasodilation
D)Increased endothelial adhesiveness

Question 18

Resolution is best defined as the restoration of original structure and physiologic function.

Question 19

Eosinophils phagocytose parasites.

Question 20

The _____ system is a plasma protein system that forms a fibrinous network at an inflamed site to prevent spread of infection to adjacent tissues and keep microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of greatest inflammatory activity.

A)complement
B)coagulation
C)kinin
D)fibrinolysis

Question 21

Frequently H₁ and H₂ receptors are located on the same cells and act in a(n) _____ fashion.

A)synergistic
B)additive
C)antagonistic
D)agonistic

Question 22

When looking at white blood cell differentials, nurses know that individuals have early, acute inflammatory reactions when they notice elevations of which leukocyte?

A)Monocytes
B)Eosinophils
C)Neutrophils
D)Basophils

Question 23

In the clotting cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at:

A)factor XII.
B)Hageman factor.
C)factor X.
D)factor V.

Question 24

Which of the following indicates a correct sequence in phagocytosis?

A)Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
B)Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction
C)Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
D)Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction

Question 25

TNF-α is secreted from:

A)virally infected cells.
B)bacterial infected cells.
C)macrophages.
D)mast cells.

Question 26

What is function of the complement cascade called opsonization?

A)It is the tagging of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
B)It is the processing of pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for acquired immunity.
C)It is the destruction of glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms.
D)It is the anaphylatoxic activity resulting in mast cell degranulation.

Question 27

Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic?

A)Formation of exudates
B)Fever and leukocytosis
C)Redness and heat
D)Pain and edema

Question 28

One systemic manifestation of the acute inflammatory response is fever that is produced by _____ on the hypothalamus.

A)endogenous pyrogens acting
B)bacterial endotoxin acting
C)antigen-antibody complexes acting
D)exogenous pyrogens acting directly

Question 29

Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and causes leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells?

A)Leukotrienes
B)Prostaglandin E
C)Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
D)Bradykinin

Question 30

What is an outcome of the complement cascade?

A)Activates the clotting cascade
B)Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
C)Inactivates chemical mediators such as histamine
D)Attacks bacterial cell membranes

Question 31

What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage?

A)Destroyed tissue is replaced by nonfunctioning scar tissue.
B)Regeneration occurs in which original tissue is replaced.
C)Resolution occurs when tissue is regenerated.
D)Destroyed tissue is replaced by epithelialization.

Question 32

What are the inflammatory effects of nitric oxide (NO)?

A)It increases capillary permeability and causes pain.
B)It increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation.
C)It causes smooth muscle contraction and fever.
D)It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation.

Question 33

A role of NK cells is to:

A)initiate the complement cascade.
B)eliminate malignant cells.
C)bind tightly to antigens.
D)proliferate after immunization with antigen.

Question 34

Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots, activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor?

A)Kallikrein
B)Histamine
C)Bradykinin
D)Plasmin

Question 35

What is the role of eosinophils in regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells?

A)Eosinophils release arylsulfatase B that stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes.
B)Eosinophils release histaminase that limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation.
C)Eosinophils release lysosomal enzymes that activate mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation.
D)Eosinophils release immunoglobulin E that defends the body against parasites.

Question 36

Which cytokines are produced and released from virally infected host cells?

A)IL-1
B)IL-10
C)TNF-α
D)IFN-α and IFN-β

Question 37

Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response?

A)Prostaglandins and bradykinin
B)Leukotrienes and serotonin
C)Tryptase and histamine
D)Phospholipase and prostacyclin

Question 38

The predominant phagocytic cells in the later stages of an inflammatory response are:

A)neutrophils.
B)monocytes.
C)chemokines.
D)eosinophils.

Question 39

What effect does chemotactic factor have on the inflammatory process?

A)It causes vasodilation around the inflamed area.
B)It stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area.
C)It directs leukocytes to the inflamed area.
D)It produces edema around the inflamed area.

Question 40

When histamine binds the histamine-2 (H₂) receptor, inflammation is:

A)inhibited.
B)activated.
C)accelerated.
D)not changed.

Question 41

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Enhance recognition and adherence of bacteria by phagocytes

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 42

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Microorganisms are killed and digested

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 43

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 44

Many neonates have a transient depressed inflammatory response because of a(n):

A)circulatory system that is too immature to adequately perfuse tissues.
B)deficiency in complement and chemotaxis.
C)insufficient number of mast cells.
D)respiratory system that is too immature to deliver oxygen to tissues.

Question 45

Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by epithelialization?

A)Normal saline
B)Povidone-iodine
C)Hydrogen peroxide
D)Dakin solution

Question 46

The role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to:

A)generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the wound.
B)establish connections between neighboring cells and contract their fibers.
C)synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins.
D)provide enzymes that débride the wound bed of dead cells.

Question 47

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 48

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Microorganisms are ingested

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 49

Many older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of a(n):

A)circulatory system that cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
B)deficiency in complement and chemotaxis.
C)underlying chronic illness(es).
D)insufficient number of mast cells.

Question 50

A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response?

A)Epithelialization
B)Contraction
C)Collagen matrix assembly
D)Maturation

Question 51

Match the biochemical barriers with its function. Terms can be used more than once.
Sebaceous glands

A)Secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids and lactic acid
B)Attack cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

Question 52

Match the biochemical barriers with its function. Terms can be used more than once.
Tears

A)Secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids and lactic acid
B)Attack cell walls of gram-positive bacteria