Deck 11: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Question 1

A hallmark of cancer cells is their immortality.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

For the function of tumor suppressor genes to be lost, only one chromosome (allele) of the gene must be inactivated.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Some tumors initially described as benign can progress to malignant tumors.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Anaplasia is recognized by loss of organization and a marked increase in nuclear size.

Question 5

Terminal cancers eventually produce pain.

Question 6

Most cancers must acquire mutation in six distinct areas: growth signals, antigrowth signals, evading apoptosis, replicating ability, angiogenesis, and invasion and metastasis.

Question 7

As a tumor increases in size, some cells undergo apoptosis.The only cells to survive and multiply are those with mutations to one copy of the TP53 gene.

Question 8

Breast cancer cells metastasize to the bone because the chemokines released by the bone attract breast cells to it.

Question 9

Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized.This is an example of:

A)dysplasia.
B)hyperplasia.
C)myoplasia.
D)anaplasia.

Question 10

Infection is the most significant cause of complications and death in individuals with cancer.

Question 11

What are tumor cell markers?

A)Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies produced by cancer cells
B)Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked
C)Cytokines produced against cancer cells
D)Identification marks used in administering radiation therapy

Question 12

Cancer is predominantly a disease of aging.

Question 13

What are characteristics of cancer in situ?

A)Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
B)Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
C)Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
D)Cellular and tissue changes indicate dysplasia.

Question 14

Cells with mutant TP53 genes escape apoptosis.

Question 15

The term neoplasm can refer to a benign tumor.

Question 16

Invasion is a prerequisite for metastasis.

Question 17

Which of the following cancers originate from connective tissue?

A)Osteogenic sarcoma
B)Basal cell carcinoma
C)Multiple myeloma
D)Adenocarcinoma

Question 18

All tumor cells that are released into the blood eventually find a compatible tissue to multiply in and create a tumor.

Question 19

Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?

A)Blood vessels
B)Epithelial cells
C)Connective tissue
D)Glandular tissue

Question 20

Direct invasion may be a part of the mechanism of local tumor spreading.

Question 21

Many cancers create a mutation of ras.What is ras?

A)A tumor-suppressor gene
B)A growth-promoting gene
C)An intracellular signaling protein that regulates cell growth
D)A cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus about cell growth

Question 22

The major virus involved in cervical cancer is:

A)herpes simplex virus type 6.
B)herpes simplex virus type 2.
C)human papillomavirus.
D)human immunodeficiency virus.

Question 23

What is apoptosis?

A)A normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive
B)An antigrowth signal activated by tumor-suppressor gene Rb
C)A mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene
D)The transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia

Question 24

What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?

A)Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes.
B)The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off.
C)Genetic amplification causes the growth.
D)Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.

Question 25

Tumor cell markers are used to:

A)provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer.
B)treat certain types of cancer.
C)predict where cancers will develop.
D)screen individuals at high risk for cancer.

Question 26

Oncogenes are genes that:

A)have undergone mutation that direct the synthesis of protein to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation.
B)direct synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and provide necessary replacement of tissue.
C)encode proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt replacement of tissue.
D)have undergone mutation to direct malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis.

Question 27

How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?

A)By vasodilation and increased permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage
B)By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged, which initiates mutations
C)By releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
D)By increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers

Question 28

By what process does the ras gene convert from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?

A)By designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome
B)By duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies
C)By alternating one or more nucleotide base pairs
D)By promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes

Question 29

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

A)Proto-oncogenes
B)Oncogenes
C)Tumor-suppressor genes
D)Growth-promoting genes

Question 30

Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation?

A)Skin, lung, and pancreatic
B)Colon, liver, and lung
C)Bone, blood cells, and pancreatic
D)Bladder, skin, and kidney

Question 31

Which of the viruses below are oncogenic DNA viruses?

A)Papovaviruses, adenoviruses, and herpesviruses
B)Retroviruses, papovaviruses, and adenoviruses
C)Adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and retroviruses
D)Herpesviruses, retroviruses, and papovaviruses

Question 32

Which of the following represents the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue, respectively?

A)Liposarcoma, lipoma
B)Lipoma, liposarcoma
C)Adisarcoma, adipoma
D)Adipoma, adisarcoma

Question 33

Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14.This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?

A)Point mutation
B)Chromosome translocation
C)Gene amplification
D)Chromosome fusion

Question 34

In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) a piece of chromosome 9 fuses to a piece of chromosome 22.This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?

A)Point mutation
B)Chromosome fusion
C)Gene amplification
D)Chromosome translocation

Question 35

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?

A)Ovarian
B)Uterine
C)Cervical
D)Vaginal

Question 36

Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer.These findings support the notion that:

A)cancers of the colon are more easily diagnosed in the benign form because they can be visualized during colonoscopy.
B)an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer.
C)tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract.
D)apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli including excessive growth.

Question 37

Why are two "hits" required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes?

A)Because each allele must be altered and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent
B)Because the first hit stops tissue growth and the second hit is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth
C)Because they are larger than proto-oncogenes requiring two hits to effect carcinogenesis
D)Because the first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause a mutation

Question 38

What are characteristics of benign tumors?

A)They invade local tissues.
B)They spread through lymph.
C)They cause systemic symptoms.
D)They include the suffix "-oma."

Question 39

Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to:

A)stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply.
B)stimulate secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors.
C)secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth.
D)divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use.

Question 40

How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?

A)They use it to repair the telomeres to restore somatic cell growth.
B)They use it as an intracellular signaling chemical to stimulate cell division.
C)They switch off the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely.
D)They switch on the telomerase so that cells can divide indefinitely.

Question 41

Which cytokine is involved in producing cachexia syndrome?

A)Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B)Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
C)Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
D)Interleukin-15 (IL-15)

Question 42

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Monoclonal antibodies

A)Cancer cell growth
B)Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures
C)Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen
D)Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment

Question 43

Match the description with its corresponding term.
Anaplasia

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 44

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Angiogenesis

A)Cancer cell growth
B)Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures
C)Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen
D)Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment

Question 45

During angiogenesis, what is the role of platelet factor-4, angiostatin, endostatin, thrombospondin, and interferon-alpha and interferon-beta?

A)They stimulate the development of new blood vessels.
B)They facilitate the attachment of the tumor implants to new blood vessels.
C)They inhibit the formation of new blood vessels.
D)They prevent the formation of emboli that protect for tumor cells from host defenses.

Question 46

Interleukin is used as adjuvant therapy for a person with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.The goal of this type of therapy is to:

A)improve the cellular response to chemotherapy.
B)enhance the immune response to tumor cells.
C)reduce the metastasis of malignant cells.
D)prevent bone marrow depression.

Question 47

Match the mechanisms causing pain from tumor invasion with the organ commonly involved.
Breast

A)Pressure
B)Stretching
C)Obstruction
D)Tissue destruction

Question 48

Match the description with its corresponding term.
Autocrine stimulation

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 49

A pathology report stages a tumor as T₂, N₁, M₀.What is the meaning of this finding?

A)There is a tumor with no spread to surrounding lymph nodes and no metastasis.
B)There are two malignant tumors and one involved lymph node with metastasis.
C)There is a tumor with spread to surrounding lymph nodes and no metastasis.
D)There is no tumor after two biopsies and one lymph node biopsy and no metastasis.

Question 50

Match the description with its corresponding term.
Proto-oncogene

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 51

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Staging

A)Cancer cell growth
B)Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures
C)Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen
D)Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment

Question 52

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Chemotherapy

A)Cancer cell growth
B)Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures
C)Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen
D)Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment

Question 53

Why do nausea and vomiting occur after cancer therapy to the abdomen?

A)Because the person is receiving chemotherapy at the same time as the radiation therapy
B)Because the radiation is metabolized by the liver, which alters the intestinal mucosa
C)Because the cancer in the gastrointestinal tract causes these clinical manifestations
D)Because of the agent's direct action on the body's vomiting centers

Question 54

What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost due to mutation?

A)Cells undergo apoptosis.
B)Cells escape apoptosis.
C)Cells receive less oxygen.
D)Cells adhere more readily.

Question 55

Match the phrases with the corresponding terms.
Radiation

A)Cancer cell growth
B)Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures
C)Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen
D)Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells
E)Provides a framework to determine treatment

Question 56

Match the mechanisms causing pain from tumor invasion with the organ commonly involved.
Buccal area

A)Pressure
B)Stretching
C)Obstruction
D)Tissue destruction

Question 57

Match the description with its corresponding term.
Caretaker gene

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 58

Which biologic therapy produced by B lymphocytes is capable of binding to target cells?

A)Interferon
B)Interleukin
C)Erythropoietin
D)Monoclonal antibodies

Question 59

Match the description with its corresponding term.
Pleomorphic

A)Loss of differentiation
B)Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
C)Cells that vary in size and shape
D)Unaltered normal allele
E)Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity

Question 60

What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a) in cell metastasis?

A)To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells
B)To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells
C)To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis
D)To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels

Question 61

What is the most common route for distant metastasis?

A)Seeding
B)Blood
C)Lymphatics
D)Invasion
E)Proliferation

Question 62

Match the mechanisms causing pain from tumor invasion with the organ commonly involved.
Liver

A)Pressure
B)Stretching
C)Obstruction
D)Tissue destruction

Question 63

Match the mechanisms causing pain from tumor invasion with the organ commonly involved.
Abdomen

A)Pressure
B)Stretching
C)Obstruction
D)Tissue destruction

Question 64

Normally, which cells, are considered immortal (never die)?

A)Germ cells
B)Stems cells
C)Blood cells
D)Epithelial cells
E)Muscle cells