Deck 6: Economics

Question 1

Why have anthropologists used the "dictator game" and the "ultimatum game" in their study of other cultures?

A)These games help anthropologists understand the importance of play in socialization in other cultures.
B)These games help anthropologists understand economic behavior in different cultures.
C)These games allow anthropologists to test whether people in other cultures can understand games from Western societies.
D)These games allow anthropologists to play with their participants and create much better rapport for the study.
E)Anthropologists do not use these games;they are used by other scholars.

Answer 1

These games help anthropologists understand economic behavior in different cultures.

Question 2

All of the following are benefits generated from the Kula Ring trade except:

A)it binds trading partners together.
B)trading partners give gifts to each other in addition to trade items.
C)it creates political and social alliances between traders.
D)it creates high levels of economic disparity between traders from one island to another.
E)it increases the islanders' consumption of goods.

Answer 2

it creates high levels of economic disparity between traders from one island to another.

Question 3

The most common form of exchange found in horticultural societies where political organization includes self-made leaders is:

A)market exchange.
B)redistribution.
C)generalized reciprocity.
D)balanced reciprocity.
E)capitalism.

Answer 3

redistribution.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about specialization in the complex societies is not generally correct?

A)It results in more efficient production.
B)It can take an emotional toll on the workers.
C)Often the machinery determines the pace of the work and tasks performed.
D)The work requires a great deal of decision-making on the worker's part.
E)It allows for the production of a large number of goods.

Question 5

In 2008,approximately _____ million adults in the United States were classified as "working poor."

A)1.1
B)3.7
C)5.3
D)8.9
E)10.6

Question 6

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A)All societies have a system by which they allocate resources.
B)All societies have distinct patterns and styles of consumption.
C)All societies organize men and women in similar tasks.
D)All societies exchange and consume the products of production.
E)All societies engage in production.

Question 7

In his study of giving and receiving,which anthropologist argued that human societies are held together by patterns of gift exchange?

A)Franz Boas
B)Marcel Mauss
C)Margaret Mead
D)Karl Marx
E)Bronislaw Malinowski

Question 8

All human societies have an economic system in which people must:

A)produce,distribute,and sell.
B)sell,consume,and produce.
C)produce,reproduce,and sell.
D)produce,distribute,and consume.
E)distribute,consume,and sell.

Question 9

Among which subsistence system do we find the most flexible land boundaries?

A)foragers.
B)pastoralists.
C)horticulturalists.
D)agriculturalists.
E)industrialists.

Question 10

In pre-industrial societies,the most basic resource is:

A)knowledge.
B)social networks.
C)labor.
D)land.
E)authority.

Question 11

The most common form of reciprocity found among foragers is:

A)market exchange.
B)balanced reciprocity.
C)equal reciprocity.
D)generalized reciprocity.
E)negative reciprocity.

Question 12

In households,commonly the most important goals are:

A)social.
B)financial.
C)property-based.
D)reproductive.
E)political.

Question 13

In the ultimatum game,anthropologists found that among foragers:

A)the rules of the game changed,as foragers did not understand how to play.
B)economics is always based on generosity.
C)although there was greater equality socially in the society,the players were not generous economically.
D)although there was social inequality in the society,the players were very generous economically.
E)social and economic equality were always the same.

Question 14

The Kula ring is an example of:

A)balanced markets.
B)generalized reciprocity.
C)social reciprocity.
D)negative reciprocity.
E)balanced reciprocity.

Question 15

Prestige:

A)is primarily associated with increased consumption and display in Western societies.
B)is primarily associated with giving goods away to obtain greater social status in Western societies.
C)is universally associated with increased consumption and display in societies worldwide.
D)is Universally associated with increased consumption and display in societies worldwide.
E)is an individual acquisition and does not have any social values associated with it.

Question 16

In general,as population and social complexity increase:

A)differential access to land and equal access to knowledge develop.
B)equal access to knowledge and labor develops.
C)differential access to social networks develops.
D)equal access to resources develops.
E)differential access to resources develops.

Question 17

Most commonly,land is communally owned and managed by an extended kin group among:

A)industrialists.
B)horticulturalists.
C)foragers.
D)agriculturalists.
E)pastoralists.

Question 18

Which of the following forms of exchange is found primarily outside of social relations and in situations of impersonal and unfriendly transactions?

A)balanced reciprocity
B)capitalism
C)negative reciprocity
D)generalized reciprocity
E)market exchange

Question 19

In economic systems,land,water,labor,and tools are classified as:

A)organization of labor.
B)reproductive resources.
C)consumptive resources.
D)productive resources.
E)prestige resources.

Question 20

How we make economic decisions depends on the values we give to both goods and ideas,which in turn depend on:

A)family.
B)culture.
C)geography.
D)education level.
E)physical ability.

Question 21

Why did the Canadian government outlaw potlatch feasts from 1884 to 1951?

A)They wanted to compete with the native peoples and were not included in the prestige feast.
B)They wanted the native peoples to sell the goods to the Canadian government.
C)They considered it to be an irrational waste of goods that could be put to more productive use on behalf of native peoples.
D)They considered the potlatch to be a threat to the authority of the Canadian government which controlled the production of all native goods.
E)They wanted to exterminate all of the native peoples.

Question 22

Which of the following products was developed through a process referred to as "new product ethnography"?

A)Yoplait's Go-Gurt
B)Cabot's Cheddar Cheese
C)Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream
D)Hunt's Tomato Soup
E)Frito Lay's Doritos

Question 23

Cultural context establishes what is produced and how it is produced.

Question 24

In capitalist societies:

A)most people produce goods to create profit.
B)most people produce goods to consume them.
C)firms produce goods to trade for other goods.
D)firms produce goods to create wealth.
E)firms produce goods to entice more laborers.

Question 25

In their recent book,Creating Breakthrough Products,Jonathan Cagan and Craig M.Vogel have coined the term _____________ to refer to vital services that anthropologists can offer to business as a result of their skills and insights.

A)business ethnography
B)new product ethnography
C)capitalist ethnography
D)product ethnology
E)work anthropology

Question 26

Individuals will always attempt to maximize material well-being.

Question 27

Which of the following is not an attribute of capitalism?

A)The majority of businesses is owned by a small number of people.
B)Capitalist relationships tend to be open and transparent.
C)capital
D)labor
E)profit

Question 28

Market exchange is:

A)found only in state societies.
B)the primary distribution mechanism in most societies today.
C)never found in horticultural and agricultural societies.
D)the only true rational economic system that exists today.
E)found universally in all societies today.

Question 29

An institution that is organized primarily for financial gain is called a(n):

A)organization.
B)corporation.
C)firm.
D)factory.
E)multinational corporation.

Question 30

What is notable about Putnam County,New York?

A)It provides all of the commuter workers for New York City.
B)It does not have any economic system.
C)It is a county in upstate New York that does not participate in subsistence economy.
D)It is the only county in the United States that does not have any capitalist enterprise.
E)It is a county near New York City that lives by more than one kind of economic system.

Question 31

All of the following are cultural and moral assumptions that are associated with market exchange except:

A)"I will take a loss in some cases just to prove that I can exchange fairly."
B)"I anticipate a certain amount of deceit and unfairness."
C)"If you take advantage of me repeatedly,you will be punished."
D)"I will usually be treated fairly by people I do not know."
E)"I will exchange freely and with no restrictions."

Question 32

In more politically and technologically complex societies,horticulture dominates production.

Question 33

Appropriate economic behavior varies from culture to culture.

Question 34

Knowledge is classified as a productive resource within the economic system.

Question 35

How is capitalist business involving women frequently conducted in Turkey?

A)It is patterned on social life so that women and men work together in household units and are paid working wages.
B)It is patterned on social life so that women produce goods for their husbands' relatives and do not work directly in an impersonal capitalist setting.
C)It is based on patrilineal and patriarchal social ethics so that men are the only ones allowed to work in capitalist enterprises.Women are excluded.
D)Women are involved as owners of the capitalist enterprises,but they are not allowed to be seen outside of their homes.They conduct the business from inside their homes.
E)Women are not treated any differently than men in Turkey.

Question 36

Capitalism results in the creation of a society in which:

A)there will always be rich and poor.
B)everyone has equal access to resources of production.
C)individuals who work hard enough are able to become rich.
D)the rich will always take care of the poor.
E)the poor and the rich will always exchange places over generations.

Question 37

In what Native American groups did potlatches occur most frequently in the early 1800s?

A)Kwakiutl and Tlingit
B)Navajo and Hopi
C)Trobriand Islanders
D)Cherokee and Iroquois
E)Seminole and Crow

Question 38

Forms of redistribution that tend to decrease social inequality are called:

A)balanced mechanisms.
B)leveling mechanisms.
C)redistributive mechanisms.
D)social mechanisms.
E)equal opportunities.

Question 39

The difference between the value of the workers' contributions to production and the wages that they are paid is called:

A)symbolic value.
B)capital loss.
C)profit.
D)labor advance.
E)capitalism.

Question 40

What is the most significant consequence of cargo systems,according to anthropologists?

A)They allow redistribution of wealth and keep economic differences from forming within the society.
B)They allow all people in a society to hold religious and social positions of power and influence.
C)They are the only source of authority and political influence within a society.
D)They provide a means for elders within the society to maintain power beyond their age prime.
E)They serve to reinforce social hierarchies and economic differences.

Question 41

Economic systems play a role in cultural identities.Individuals,by specialty and training,gender,age,race,etc.often see themselves as a product of their work."What you do is who you are." Describe the relationship between labor and social identity and use examples in contemporary U.S.society.

Question 42

Capitalism poses many challenges to our society today.Discuss these and give examples of types of resistance that occur to capitalist practices.You may use some of your own examples as well.

Question 43

Societies organized primarily by capitalism are a late development in the history of humankind.

Question 44

Describe how eBay represents very typical market exchange within U.S.society.

Question 45

What are the three main patterns of exchange?

Question 46

Why does large-scale production and distribution tend not to develop in economies where households are the units of production?

Question 47

Potlatching is a considered a form of redistribution.

Question 48

Economic systems are found universally within human societies.What are the fundamental economic issues that all societies must face?

Question 49

What are the three fundamental attributes of capitalism?

Question 50

An economic unit in which people share a residence and organize production,consumption,and distribution of goods among themselves is called a __________.

Question 51

Cargo systems are classified as a form of reciprocity.

Question 52

What role do you think anthropologists should play in the development of markets and new products? What are their ethical challenges and what are their responsibilities?

Question 53

Define economics.

Question 54

Capitalism always occurs within the context of other social relationships.

Question 55

In all democratic societies,everything can be bought and sold through market exchange.