Deck 6: Gender Identity, Gender Roles, and Gender Differences

Question 1

When a sperm fertilizes an ovum, ________ chromosomes from the male combine with _______ chromosomes from the female.

A)23; 23
B)46; 23
C)23; 46
D)46; 46

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The SRY gene involved in sex determination is

A)similar between mice and fruit flies.
B)similar between humans and fruit flies.
C)similar between mice and humans.
D)found in fruit flies only.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following regulates the expression of SRY?

A)tra
B)DHT
C)Sox 9
D)MIS

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A fertilized ovum is called a

A)formation.
B)zygote.
C)embryo.
D)fetus.

Question 5

Regarding sexual development, which of the following statements best characterizes what a parent is most likely to see in an ultrasound taken during the first six weeks of prenatal development?

A)A parent will be able to see the early development of a penis for males.
B)A parent will begin to see primitive sexual structures, starting with the scrotum for males and the labia for females.
C)A parent will see primitive genital structures that cannot yet be distinguished as male or female.
D)A parent will see the development of female internal and external genitalia for both males and females.

Question 6

Which of the following is True of ovum and sperm?

A)An ovum carries a Y sex chromosome; a sperm carries an X sex chromosome.
B)An ovum carries an X sex chromosome; a sperm carries either X or Y sex chromosomes.
C)An ovum carries an X sex chromosome; a sperm carries a Y sex chromosome.
D)An ovum carries either X or Y sex chromosomes; a sperm carries an X sex chromosomes.

Question 7

All of the following differentiate under the influence of testosterone, EXCEPT

A)epididymis.
B)vas deferens.
C)seminal vesicle.
D)penis.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the roles genes play in sexual differentiation?

A)Several genes interact to produce sexually differentiated development.
B)Sexual differentiation occurs primarily due to the tra gene.
C)Sexual differentiation occurs after the inactivation of the Sox 9 gene.
D)The genetics of sexual differentiation are not well understood yet.

Question 9

Approximately how long following fertilization does the mother's heart drive blood through embryonic bloodstream?

A)Less than one week
B)Three weeks
C)Five weeks
D)Seven weeks

Question 10

All of the following are True of human sexual differentiation, EXCEPT

A)genetic instructions in the Y chromosome cause deviation from female development.
B)genetic activity on X chromosome cause testes to differentiate.
C)the basic blueprint of the human embryo is female.
D)at about the 7th week, changes occur in external genitalia.

Question 11

Which of the following are incorrect explanations about how males and females are formed?

A)A man holding his breath while ejaculating makes a girl.
B)Hot semen leads to the development of a boy.
C)Sperm from the right testicle make females.
D)All of the above

Question 12

What part of the Y chromosome have researchers identified as an important component in sexual differentiation?

A)Müllerian inhibiting substance gene
B)Sex-determining region Y (SRY)gene
C)Penile growth region Y (PGR)gene
D)Testicle-development gene (TDG)

Question 13

Which of the following is True?

A)"Sex" refers to biological characteristics; "gender" refers to a social construction.
B)"Sex" and "gender" refer to the same factor.
C)"Sex" and "gender" are biological constructs.
D)"Sex" and "gender" are opposite one another.

Question 14

The process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy is known as

A)sexual differentiation.
B)gender roles.
C)gender typing.
D)mitosis.

Question 15

An embryo begins to show signs of undifferentiated internal and external genitalia at about what age during prenatal development?

A)24 hours
B)2-4 days
C)2-3 weeks
D)5-6 weeks

Question 16

The concept of gender is based on all of the following, EXCEPT

A)anatomy.
B)psychology of the individual.
C)reproductive capabilities.
D)culture and tradition.

Question 17

A person who is genetically a male received

A)an X chromosome from his biological mother and an X chromosome from his biological father.
B)a Y chromosome from his biological mother and an X chromosome from his biological father.
C)an X chromosome from his biological mother and a Y chromosome from his biological father.
D)a Y chromosome from his biological mother and a Y chromosome from his biological father.

Question 18

The authors define gender as the

A)acceptance of one's genitalia.
B)the biological sense of being male or female.
C)sexual differentiation and the development of distinct reproductive anatomy.
D)psychological sense of being female or male and the roles ascribed by society.

Question 19

All of the following are sex determining genes, EXCEPT

A)SRY.
B)tra.
C)Sox 9.
D)DHT.

Question 20

Sexual differentiation means

A)the process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy.
B)the complex behavior patterns deemed masculine or feminine in a particular culture.
C)differences in the preconceptions held regarding men and women.
D)the process by which children distinguish between expectations of girls and of boys.

Question 21

Which of the following prevents the Müllerian ducts from developing into a female duct system?

A)Androgens
B)DHT
C)MIS
D)SRY

Question 22

In males, the prenatal sexual differentiation of the brain involves

A)testosterone making hypothalamic cells insensitive to estrogen.
B)estrogen making hypothalamic cells insensitive to testosterone.
C)testosterone making hypothalamic cells sensitive to testosterone.
D)dihydrotestosterone making hypothalamic cells sensitive to estrogen.

Question 23

A parent's announcement, "It's a boy," is an example of

A)gender roles.
B)gender stereotypes.
C)gender assignment.
D)gender identity.

Question 24

In the absence of testosterone, as in female fetuses, the hypothalamus develops sensitivity to

A)testosterone.
B)glycotesone.
C)embryonic fluid.
D)estrogen.

Question 25

Without the influence of ________, most children would be born looking ________.

A)androgens; male
B)Müllerian inhibiting substance; female
C)progesterone; male
D)androgens; female

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic for Klinefelter syndrome?

A)Mild retardation
B)Superior muscular development
C)Enlarged breasts
D)Infertility

Question 27

Differentiation of fetal tissues into external male genitals occurs under the influence of

A)testosterone.
B)Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS).
C)H-Y antigen.
D)dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Question 28

Our sexual awareness or sense of being male or being female is known as

A)gender assignment.
B)sexual differentiation.
C)gender identity.
D)sexual assignment.

Question 29

All of the following is True of men with undescended testes, EXCEPT

A)they are treated with surgery or hormone therapy.
B)they are at a lower risk for cancer.
C)sperm production is impaired.
D)a higher body temperature causes sterility.

Question 30

Testosterone spurs differentiation of the ________ duct system.

A)Wolffian
B)Müllerian
C)Androgen
D)Klinefelter

Question 31

The testes descend from the abdomen into the scrotal sac via the

A)urethra.
B)inguinal canal.
C)epididymis.
D)vas deferens.

Question 32

A person with only one X sex chromosome and no second sex chromosome has which of the following conditions?

A)Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B)Klinefelter syndrome
C)Androgen insensitivity syndrome
D)Turner syndrome

Question 33

The male condition when one or both testes remain undescended at birth is called

A)Klinefelter Syndrome.
B)Inguinal Hernia.
C)Cryptorchidism.
D)Testicular Hyperplasia.

Question 34

A person with an XXY chromosome pattern has which of the following conditions?

A)Klinefelter Syndrome
B)Cryptorchidism
C)Adrenal Hyperplasia
D)Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Question 35

The Müllerian ducts develop into all of the following, EXCEPT

A)fallopian tubes.
B)ovum.
C)uterus.
D)upper 2/3 of the vagina.

Question 36

In the presence of the Y chromosome, male hormones called androgens cause the fetus to

A)develop male internal and external anatomy.
B)become bigger and stronger.
C)be destined to be homosexual.
D)develop the link between heart and lungs.

Question 37

All of the following are common conditions associated with Turner Syndrome, EXCEPT

A)heart abnormalities.
B)slow sexual development in early adolescence.
C)soft upturned fingernails.
D)extreme tallness.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is most accurate about the prenatal development of female sexual structures?

A)Female internal genitalia develop in the presence of MIS, but female external genitalia require the suppression of testosterone to develop.
B)Female internal and external genitalia develop in the presence of MIS.
C)Female internal genitalia develop with high levels of female hormones, but female external genitalia develop by default.
D)Female internal and external genitalia develop in the absence of hormones leading to male differentiation and not due to the presence of female hormones.

Question 39

Which of the following is True regarding fetal sexual differentiation?

A)Large amounts of androgens are produced in female fetuses.
B)The presence of estrogen promotes the development of female sexual organs.
C)The development of the external female genitalia occurs in the absence of male sex hormones.
D)DHT prevents the formation of female reproductive organs.

Question 40

Which of the following differentiate under the influence of dihydrotestosterone?

A)Ovaries
B)External genitalia
C)Vas deferens
D)Müllerian ducts

Question 41

Which of the following describes an inter-sexual individual?

A)Their gonads match their chromosomal sex.
B)They possess both testes and ovaries.
C)They have gonads with testicular and ovarian tissue.
D)Their external genitalia match their chromosomal sex.

Question 42

All of the following are True of the original males that were documented with the Dominican Republic Syndrome EXCEPT

A)at birth their external genitalia was malformed and resembled female genitalia.
B)at puberty they started producing normal testosterone levels.
C)their "clitorises" expanded into penises.
D)the majority maintained the stereotypical female gender role into adulthood.

Question 43

All of the following are True of androgen insensitivity syndrome, EXCEPT that individuals with this disorder

A)have a lower than normal sensitivity to androgens.
B)have genitals that do not become normally masculinized.
C)have a small penis at birth they, but their testes are undescended.
D)do not develop a uterus and fallopian tubes internally.

Question 44

Transsexuals can also be referred to as

A)transposed individuals.
B)transgendered individuals.
C)transassociated individuals.
D)transfigured individuals.

Question 45

When individuals experience incongruity between their genital anatomy and gender role, they experience gender

A)identity.
B)dysphoria.
C)schema.
D)dominance.

Question 46

All of the following are True of hermaphrodites, EXCEPT

A)an individual may have gonads of only one sex.
B)an individual may have one testicle and one ovary.
C)an individual may have gonads with testicular and ovarian tissue.
D)they are named after the Greek son of Hermes and Aphrodite.

Question 47

Intersexed babies

A)are genetically male but have external genitals that are completely female.
B)are genetically female but have external genitals that are ambiguous.
C)are genetically female but have external genitals that are completely male.
D)Any of the above may occur.

Question 48

Babies born genetically male (possessing an XY chromosome pair) but with completely normal looking female external genitals are the result of

A)complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
B)Klinefelter syndrome.
C)Turner syndrome.
D)hermaphroditism.

Question 49

Which of the following determine the sex of a crocodile offspring?

A)SRY genes
B)Sex chromosomes
C)The temperature in which the egg develops
D)The moisture level in which the egg develops

Question 50

Girls with a single X sex chromosome or girls that start with XX chromosomal structure but lose part of their X chromosomal material are said to have

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B)complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
D)Dominican Republic Syndrome.

Question 51

All of the following are True of transsexual individuals, EXCEPT:

A)Hormone treatments and surgery create the appearance of the opposite sex.
B)Male-to-female surgeries typically produce slightly more realistic results than female-to-male surgeries.
C)After sex reassignment surgery, many individuals can participate in sexual activity and attain orgasm.
D)After male to female reassignment surgery, individuals can bear but not conceive children.

Question 52

An individual who is stimulated by fantasies of his or her own body as being female is

A)a homosexual transsexual.
B)gender dysphoric.
C)transgendered.
D)autogynephilic.

Question 53

Most children become aware of their anatomical sex at ________; children acquire a sense of gender identity at ________.

A)6 months; 36 months
B)12 months; 18 months
C)18 months; 36 months
D)36 months; 48 months

Question 54

In the United States, "sex-change operations" first made headlines when which of the following individuals underwent the surgery?

A)George/Christine Jorgensen
B)Patrick/Patricia Hearst
C)David/Brenda Reimer
D)Greg/Samantha Stevens

Question 55

A genetic disorder that prevents androgens from masculinizing the external genitalia is known as

A)partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.
B)complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.
C)Dominican Republic syndrome.
D)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Question 56

A person is said to be ________ when he/she has gonads of one sex, but external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other sex.

A)intersexual
B)a hermaphrodite
C)transsexual
D)ambisexual

Question 57

Most children acquire a firm sense of gender identity by the age of

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)four.

Question 58

Which of the following is a possible description of an individual with congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A)A genetic female with adrenal glands that produce excess estrogen
B)A genetic male who experiences a lack of androgens
C)A genetic female has ovaries but masculinized external genitalia
D)A genetic male who has testes but female-typical external genitalia

Question 59

Men who are extremely gay, but not sexually satisfied with other males are

A)homosexual transsexual.
B)gender dysphoric.
C)transgendered.
D)autogynephilic.

Question 60

Researchers have suggested all of the following motivations for transsexuality EXCEPT which of the following?

A)Feeling that one does not fit the gender of their anatomic sex
B)Men who are dissatisfied with the size of their penis may seek sex reassignment
C)Extremely feminine gay men may seek sex reassignment
D)Some men may be sexually stimulated by the idea of having female genitalia

Question 61

When a male-to-female transsexual is treated with female hormones, which of the following is the likely result?

A)Fat deposits on the hips
B)Breasts enlarge
C)Facial hair growth slows down
D)All of the above

Question 62

Maria applies for a job as a mechanic at Dwight's Auto Body Shop. Dwight accepts her application, and then throws it in the trash without looking at it after she leaves, commenting to his co-workers, "I can see this applicant isn't qualified for the job." This is an example of

A)rude behavior.
B)a good decision.
C)heteronormativity.
D)sexism.

Question 63

Which of the following is a term used by at least one culture to describe individuals who may be perceived as belonging to a third gender or third sex?

A)Ladyboys
B)Three-spirited
C)Introverted
D)Failed men

Question 64

Which of the following statements accurately describes cross-cultural studies of gender?

A)Gender is universally divided between the mutually exclusive categories of "male" and "female" in cultures around the world.
B)Although "male" and "female" categories are the most common, many societies contain words for a third gender or third sex.
C)Only Western cultures contain the rigidly defined, opposite categories of "male" and "female."
D)Most societies place little emphasis on defining differences between males and females.

Question 65

A child's idea of appropriate gender roles can be affected by

A)parental interactions.
B)male and female characters on television.
C)the toys they play with.
D)All of the above

Question 66

Which sexologist is famous for recommending sex reassignment for boys who suffered circumcision accidents?

A)Diamond
B)Money
C)Colapinto
D)Bradley

Question 67

An assumption about a person based solely on his or her gender is called

A)androgyny.
B)gender identity.
C)sexual role.
D)gender stereotype.

Question 68

One of the first steps to sex reassignment is

A)live openly as a member of the other sex.
B)hormone treatments.
C)family counseling.
D)cosmetic surgery.

Question 69

If a woman is thought not to be qualified for her job due to gender, then she is experiencing

A)gender equity.
B)stereotyping.
C)gender typing.
D)sexism.

Question 70

All of the following are examples of sexist labels, EXCEPT

A)frigid woman.
B)sensitive woman.
C)sissy boy.
D)man's work.

Question 71

How can we best summarize the outcomes of sex reassignment surgery?

A)Most reports for post-operative adjustment suggest that individuals are rarely happy with their bodies, even after surgery.
B)Most reports for post-operative adjustment are positive.
C)There are too few reports of post-operative adjustment for us to know how effective sex reassignment surgery is for individuals' well being.
D)Outcomes are generally more positive for male-to-female than female-to-male individuals.

Question 72

All of the following are True of sex assignment surgery, EXCEPT

A)male-to-female surgery is more successful.
B)female-to-male surgery involves the removal of the ovaries and uterus.
C)male-to-female surgery involves folding tissue from the penis inside to help form an artificial vagina.
D)doctors can construct a uterus for male-to-female surgery.

Question 73

The term phalloplasty refers to the

A)construction of an artificial penis.
B)the removal of internal female organs.
C)the removal of the penis and testicles.
D)the growth of the clitoris with hormone therapy.

Question 74

If a person assumes that women will be nurturing, patient, and submissive, it is an example of

A)gender roles.
B)sexism.
C)a stereotype.
D)gender typing.

Question 75

The more formal name for a "sex-change operation" is

A)sex reassignment surgery.
B)genital mutilation.
C)sexual reconstruction.
D)transvestism.

Question 76

All of the following are gender-role stereotypes found across nations, EXCEPT

A)competitiveness for males.
B)kindness for females.
C)toughness for males.
D)sensitive for females.

Question 77

For hormone treatments, male-to-female transsexuals receive ________; female-to-male transsexuals receive ________.

A)estrogen; MIS
B)estrogen; androgens
C)DHT; androgens
D)androgens; estrogen

Question 78

The clusters of expectations for the personalities and behaviors of men and women in a culture are

A)gender roles.
B)stereotypes.
C)sexism.
D)gender identity.

Question 79

Cases of boys who are surgically altered in childhood to appear as girls, and then are raised as girls,have shown that the development of gender identity is

A)fully determined by how a child is nurtured.
B)unpredictable and seems to develop at random.
C)is likely due solely to biological predispositions.
D)likely not due solely to nurture alone.

Question 80

All of the following are examples of "third genders" or "third sexes," EXCEPT which of the following?

A)Hijra of India
B)Kathoeys of Thailand
C)Machismo of Mexico
D)Berdache of Native Americans