Deck 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Past-And Future

Question 1

The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as

A)episodic memory.
B)nondeclarative memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)implicit memory.

Answer 1

episodic memory.

Question 2

When we mentally represent pictures, we are using

A)visual codes.
B)semantic codes.
C)sensory codes.
D)verbal codes.

Answer 2

visual codes.

Question 3

Researchers have found that graduates tend to do which of the following when recalling their college grades?

A)Inflate their grades
B)Forget their grades
C)Underestimate their grades
D)Accurately report their grades

Answer 3

Inflate their grades

Question 4

Remembering to take your medication after every meal is an example of

A)time-based prospective memory.
B)event-based prospective memory.
C)retrospective memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 5

Once we have learned to read one type of psychology textbook, we are more likely to read the next psychology textbook with less mental effort. This may be due to the effect of

A)highlighting.
B)implying.
C)purposeful retrieval.
D)priming.

Question 6

Your recollection of the humiliating lecture you received after you were caught cheating on an exam is an example of __________ memory.

A)procedural
B)iconic
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 7

The stages of information processing in memory are

A)semantic, episodic, and procedural.
B)iconic, echoic, and eidetic.
C)visual, acoustic, and semantic.
D)encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a type of prospective memory?

A)Knowledge-based tasks
B)Event-based tasks
C)Habitual tasks
D)Time-based tasks

Question 9

Recall of what your professor said in class and recall of what you wore that day are instances of __________ memory, respectively.

A)semantic and semantic
B)semantic and episodic
C)episodic and episodic
D)episodic and semantic

Question 10

Remembering what you had for dinner is an example of _____ memory.

A)implicit
B)episodic
C)dependent
D)semantic

Question 11

The two types of explicit memory are

A)episodic and nondeclarative memory.
B)declarative and nondeclarative memory.
C)semantic and episodic memory.
D)semantic memory and implicit memory.

Question 12

The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and preoccupied is called

A)implicit memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)prospective memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 13

A great way to learn about how memory works, according to information-processing theorists, is to study the

A)brain.
B)computer.
C)voicemail system.
D)automobile.

Question 14

Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket, she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's __________ memory made this possible.

A)implicit
B)episodic
C)psychomotor
D)semantic

Question 15

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different __________ memories of the event.

A)procedural
B)iconic
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 16

The type of memory one would use to remember the seven wonders of the ancient world is

A)autobiographical.
B)semantic.
C)nondeclarative.
D)implicit.

Question 17

Declarative memory is the same as _____ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)imperative
D)semantic

Question 18

The author's taste aversion to buttered popcorn is an example of an ________ memory.

A)explicit
B)episodic
C)implicit
D)autobiographical

Question 19

Which of the following uses prospective memory?

A)Episodic
B)Semantic
C)Implicit
D)None of these

Question 20

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the developmental effects of prospective and retrospective memory?

A)There are no age-related effects in retrospective and prospective memory.
B)There is age-related decline in retrospective memory but not in prospective memory.
C)There is age-related decline in prospective memory but not in retrospective memory.
D)There is age-related decline in both retrospective and prospective memory.

Question 21

The stage of memory that first encounters stimuli is called

A)sensory.
B)short term.
C)long term.
D)mid term.

Question 22

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin stages of memory, the progress of information through the stages

A)determines the vividness of perception.
B)increases the opportunity for eidetic imagery to be produced.
C)determines whether and how long information is retained.
D)is all of these

Question 23

What is meant by the word "deeply" in the statement, "Memories tend to endure when information is processed deeply?"

A)Deeply refers to the use of elaborative rehearsal rather than maintenance rehearsal.
B)Deeply refers to information that is encoded carefully and pondered.
C)Deeply refers to information that is related to things we already have stored in long-term memory.
D)All of these

Question 24

Do, re, mi is a typical

A)visual code.
B)semantic code.
C)sensory code.
D)acoustic code.

Question 25

The difference between rote learning and meaningful learning is the difference between

A)episodic memory and semantic memory.
B)maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
C)short-term memory and long-term memory.
D)sensory processing and semantic processing.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a psychological format that can be used to transform information to be encoded?

A)Visual code
B)Acoustic code
C)Sensory code
D)Semantic code

Question 27

___________ means maintaining information over time.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrospective memory
D)Maintenance rehearsal

Question 28

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face were flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in his or her sensory register as a

A)memory code.
B)sensory trace.
C)memory trace.
D)short-term memory.

Question 29

Extending the semantic meaning of something you already know refers to

A)metamemory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 30

Turn-of-the-century psychologist McDougall found that people presented with a list of 12 letters, shown for a fraction of a second, could recall

A)up to 12 letters, as long as the letters were presented in a single row.
B)most of the letters, if they were presented in rows of no more than three letters each.
C)six or seven letters, as long as they were presented in a row.
D)four or five letters in a single fixation.

Question 31

What type of code represents stimuli in terms of their meaning?

A)Visual code
B)Acoustic code
C)Sensory code
D)Semantic code

Question 32

Locating stored information and returning it to consciousness is a memory process termed

A)retrieval.
B)storage.
C)metamemory.
D)THUNSTOFAM.

Question 33

Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to

A)metamemory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 34

By mentally repeating a telephone number after looking it up for the first time, Jim was engaged in

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)visual coding.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 35

The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved is called

A)priming.
B)memory.
C)learning.
D)cueing.

Question 36

Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as

A)episodic, semantic, and implicit.
B)sensory, semantic, and implicit.
C)short-term, near-term, and long-term.
D)sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Question 37

While studying for an astronomy exam, Haley realizes that the swirling motion of the cream he has just poured into his coffee is similar to the motion of the solar nebula described in his textbook. This comparison helps him to remember the term for the phenomenon and represents an example of

A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)semantic encoding.
D)flashback memory.

Question 38

The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is referred to as

A)retrieval.
B)subconscious transfer.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 39

While Tanya is visiting the pet store she looks down a row and catches a glimpse of an animal that suddenly darts across the aisle. Which of the following enable the conscious registering of the animal's movement?

A)Saccadic eye movements
B)Sensory memory
C)Soth saccadic eye movement and sensory memory
D)None of these

Question 40

Humans experience a "stream of consciousness" rather than discrete choppy impressions because

A)saccadic eye movements create perceptions at a rate of approximately 20 per second, making the images seem continuous.
B)short-term memories overlap, which gives the impression of a single perception.
C)sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.
D)perceptions in short-term memory are not stored, but rather are constantly replaced with new perceptions.

Question 41

The telephone number of Brad's financial services firm is CALL-IRA. He felt this number would be an easy one for his clients to remember because

A)the stimulus consists of letters rather than numbers.
B)most of his customers will be investors.
C)it consists of only two chunks of information that are meaningfully related to his business.
D)auditory encoding is more easily accomplished when the visual stimulus consists of letters rather than numbers.

Question 42

Psychologists believe that we possess a sensory register for

A)only visual information.
B)only auditory information.
C)each of our sensory systems.
D)none of these

Question 43

The typical maximum number of chunks of information that can be held in short-term memory is

A)seven.
B)ten.
C)four.
D)five.

Question 44

In the terminology of memory, grouping several pieces of information into a single unit is called

A)associating.
B)constructing.
C)networking.
D)chunking.

Question 45

Ellie claims that she can "see" the information on page 31 of her psychology textbook without having the textbook in front of her. This is known as ________ imagery.

A)iconic
B)mental
C)eidetic
D)saccadic

Question 46

In terms of serial position, short-term memory is to _____ as long-term memory is to _____.

A)primacy; recency
B)recency; primacy
C)capacity; duration
D)duration; capacity

Question 47

Eric can only remember the first few items on his review sheet. This is an example of the

A)serial-position effect.
B)primacy effect.
C)recency effect.
D)latency effect.

Question 48

According to George Miller, the magic number seven plus or minus two refers to

A)the number of pieces of information the average person can easily recall after a single exposure.
B)the amount of information that can be memorized in one sitting.
C)the number of saccadic eye movements in a fixation.
D)the time it takes information to pass from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 49

________ eye movements occur about four times every second, while ________ holds icons for up to a second. This process ensures that visual information will appear seamless.

A)Saccadic; iconic memory
B)Rapid; short-term memory
C)Rapid; saccadic memory
D)Saccadic; echoic memory

Question 50

Aaron has just been given a telephone number of a woman with whom he wants to schedule a date, but he doesn't have anything to write the number down on. If he does not rehearse the telephone number, how long does he have to find paper and pencil before he can no longer remember it?

A)Less than a second
B)Up to 3 seconds
C)Around 10 seconds
D)Up to a minute

Question 51

Visual images are to __________ memory as auditory images are to __________ memory.

A)echoic; iconic
B)sensory; motor
C)iconic; echoic
D)eidetic; sensory

Question 52

Your mother told you to dress up for the interview because first impressions last forever. She was referring to

A)recency effects.
B)primacy effects.
C)short-term memory.
D)interval memory.

Question 53

McDougal is to _________ as Sperling is to ________.

A)long-term memory; short-term memory
B)semantic memory; episodic memory
C)explicit memory; implicit memory
D)whole report; partial report

Question 54

Amy is trying to remember her social security number while registering for school. What technique would help Amy in this process?

A)Stare at the numbers on her social security card to create an icon in her short-term memory.
B)Repeat the list of numbers to herself one at a time.
C)Rehearse the set of numbers, keeping them in the three-chunks format.
D)This is not possible because a social security number is made up of nine numbers, which is over short-term memory capacity.

Question 55

We remember the beginning and the end of a list better than the middle because of

A)dependent memory.
B)sensory register effects.
C)Serial-position effects.
D)retention interval effects.

Question 56

You are taking notes while listening to a lecture. The sensory register holds the information as ______ in your ______ memory.

A)echoes; iconic
B)echoes; echoic
C)icons; eidetic
D)echoes; eidetic

Question 57

Which of the following is correct concerning the research of Peterson and Peterson?

A)Interference with rehearsal prevents information from being stored in short-term memory.
B)Rehearsal of information in short-term memory is not essential for storage.
C)Interference with rehearsal has little or no effect on short-term memory storage.
D)Rehearsal strategies will help store information in short-term memory.

Question 58

The memory that enables one to manipulate information in his or her mind is called

A)short-term memory.
B)working memory.
C)both short-term and working memory.
D)none of these

Question 59

"I can't get that song out of my head!" This person is stuck in a(n)

A)eidetic imagery.
B)echoic memory.
C)musical memory.
D)decibel memory.

Question 60

"I'll never forget the details of her beautiful face." This romantic statement refers to which type of memory?

A)Iconic memory
B)Acoustic memory
C)Implicit memory
D)Semantic memory

Question 61

Which of the following is true regarding long-term memory organization?

A)Long-term memory is usually well organized.
B)People organize information according to hierarchical structure.
C)Categorization of stimuli is a basic cognitive function used to store information efficiently.
D)All of these

Question 62

Rosalind, a forward on the women's basketball team, has invited Bryce to a formal banquet at which she will receive an award for her outstanding athletic performance during the season. When Bryce first sees her in her formal gown, it strikes him that she does not look at all like an athlete. Why is he surprised?

A)He has never before seen her in a dress.
B)She does not fit his schema of her.
C)He is a male chauvinist.
D)Athletes seldom wear dresses.

Question 63

Loftus and Palmer showed people a film of a car crash and then asked them to fill out questionnaires that included a question about how fast the cars were going at the time of the accident. The participants who reported the highest speeds had been asked to estimate how fast the cars were going when they __________ one another.

A)"touched"
B)"bumped into"
C)"smashed into"
D)"brushed"

Question 64

Psychologists suggest that the appearance of new information in short-term memory _____ the old information.

A)enhances
B)encodes
C)displaces
D)confuses

Question 65

The evidence for the popular idea that all of our experiences are in permanent long-term storage is

A)incontestable.
B)very strong.
C)debatable.
D)nonexistent.

Question 66

The results of the car accident study by Loftus, suggests memories are

A)lost quickly after an emotional event.
B)remembered very accurately.
C)deconstructed.
D)reconstructed.

Question 67

Transferring information stored in short-term memory to long-term memory is, according to the text, like

A)using the save command on a computer.
B)using an answer machine.
C)counting sheep.
D)using a Palm Pilot.

Question 68

Flashbulb memories seem to be connected to

A)emotional events.
B)family stories.
C)childhood.
D)adulthood.

Question 69

We remember where we were and who we were with on 9/11/2001. This is explained by the phenomenon

A)short-term memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)state-dependent memory.

Question 70

Which of the following is not true regarding long-term memory?

A)It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."
B)The capacity is unlimited.
C)There is a tendency to replace new information with old information.
D)The use of cues for retrieval allows for easier access to stored information.

Question 71

Research suggests that the "deep processing" explanation of memory may have

A)biological connections.
B)lost credibility over the last years.
C)no support among cognitive psychologists.
D)validity only among the elderly.

Question 72

The way in which we conceptualize our worlds, our beliefs, and our expectations are built around cognitive structures called

A)schemas.
B)images.
C)icons.
D)chunks.

Question 73

According to the levels of processing model, which set of instructions would lead to better memory?

A)Remember the person with red hair.
B)Remember the person with the wide nose.
C)Remember the person who is male.
D)Remember the person who looks honest.

Question 74

Jackie's psychologist believes that Jackie has difficulty remembering her early adolescent years due to traumatic events that occurred during that time. This is known as

A)regression.
B)retrieval errors.
C)repression.
D)all of these

Question 75

The research of Elizabeth Loftus has shown that eyewitness testimony can be all except which of the following?

A)Changeable
B)Susceptible to bias
C)Susceptible to suggestion
D)Recoverable under hypnosis

Question 76

One problem with eyewitness testimony that may not be related to memory is

A)witnesses always pay attention to ethnicity.
B)witnesses tend to pay attention to information that is not meaningful or relevant to identification.
C)witnesses never pay attention to ethnicity.
D)questions asked to witnesses are usually unrelated to memory.

Question 77

According to Atkinson and Shiffren, the third stage of information processing is

A)short-term memory.
B)long-term memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 78

Cutler and Kovera (2010) suggest that problems with eyewitness testimony include all except which of the following?

A)Identification is more accurate when suspects belong to the same ethnic group.
B)Identification is compromised when interrogators make misleading suggestions.
C)Witnesses are viewed as more credible when they claim to be certain regarding their testimony.
D)Witnesses' testimony is more accurate when they claim to be certain regarding their views.

Question 79

Craik and Lockhart argue that not all so-called long-term memories are equivalent in how readily they are stored, but rather that memory storage and recall depends upon the __________ of the processing that takes place.

A)Length
B)Vividness
C)Depth
D)Encoding

Question 80

The levels of processing model is most like

A)maintenance rehearsal.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)photographic memory.
D)eidetic imagery.