Deck 9: The Voyage Through the Life Span

Question 1

The __________ connects the embryo and fetus to the placenta.

A)amniotic sac
B)system of blood vessels in the uterine wall
C)umbilical cord
D)amniotic fluid

Answer 1

umbilical cord

Question 2

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy has been linked to

A)fetal death.
B)larger than average brains and skulls.
C)autism.
D)all of these

Answer 2

fetal death.

Question 3

Dr. Nielsen is conducting research in which he studies a group of children with autism beginning at age 2 and ending at age 30. This is most likely which type of study?

A)Cross-sectional
B)Longitudinal
C)Multiple case studies
D)Cross-sequential

Answer 3

Longitudinal

Question 4

Embryos develop into males when

A)the amniotic sac develops.
B)androgens are absent.
C)testes form and begin to produce androgens.
D)the male contributes the Y chromosome.

Question 5

It can be said that infants are born with a sweet tooth because

A)they suck milk as well as bitter solutions.
B)they suck liquid solutions of sugar, but reject salty liquid.
C)they suck sweet and salty solutions, but reject bitter liquids.
D)none of these

Question 6

Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are likely to display all of the following characteristics except

A)short attention spans.
B)tremors.
C)lower cognitive scores.
D)poor grades.

Question 7

An infant hears a loud noise and draws up his/her legs, arches the back, and starts to cry. The infant exhibits the _____ reflex.

A)Palmar
B)Moro
C)Babinski
D)Premack

Question 8

The term used to identify the first month after birth is

A)newborn.
B)infant.
C)neonate.
D)embryo.

Question 9

An increase in brain size is due in part to

A)myelination.
B)an increase in neurons.
C)an increase in the language centers of the brain.
D)the development of the visual cortex.

Question 10

A newborn shows a preference for his/her mother's voice rather than the father's voice. This is most likely the result of

A)an inability to hear until after birth.
B)learning to recognize the mother's voice because of more exposure to these sounds before birth.
C)an inability to hear lower-pitched tones as in a male's voice.
D)liking mom more than they like dad.

Question 11

Teratogens are

A)environmental agents that can harm a developing baby.
B)heavy metals that are toxic to an embryo.
C)drugs that the mother ingests.
D)all of these

Question 12

Maternal addiction to heroin or methadone has been associated with

A)low birth weight.
B)prematurity.
C)toxemia.
D)all of these

Question 13

The exchange of nutrients and waste takes place in the organ called the

A)amniotic sac.
B)placenta.
C)umbilical cord.
D)none of these.

Question 14

A neonate is tested for grasp, startle, and sucking responses. These are measures of

A)higher brain function.
B)early cognitive capacity.
C)reflexes.
D)early learning.

Question 15

The zygote journeys to the uterus, where implantation occurs. Which stage is this?

A)The germinal stage
B)The fallopian stage
C)The pre-embryonic stage
D)The pre-fetal stage

Question 16

The two sensory systems most likely connected to mother-infant recognition in the first month are

A)vision and hearing.
B)hearing and taste.
C)hearing and smell.
D)vision and smell.

Question 17

The fact that Baby Boomers have experienced unique life events such as the Vietnam War, the assassination of President Kennedy, and the Women's Movement makes them different from other generations. This uniqueness may result in a ________ when conducting research.

A)fatal error
B)cultural difference
C)cohort effect
D)cross-sectional effect

Question 18

All of the following are during about physical development in infancy except

A)babies triple their birth weight by age one.
B)babies' height increases by about 10 inches during the first year of life.
C)babies double their birth weight by age two.
D)none of these

Question 19

Two ways in which researchers study development over time are ________ and ________ studies.

A)longitudinal; cross-sectional
B)cohort; case studies
C)naturalistic; experimental
D)cross-sequential; experimental

Question 20

Kay and her husband, Kirk, want to know if their twin sons have a rare genetic disorder that runs in Kay's family. They want to know as early as possible in the pregnancy so they can make decisions regarding the pregnancy. Which prenatal test should they request?

A)Ultrasound
B)Chorionic villus sampling
C)Amniocentesis
D)Alpha-fetoprotein

Question 21

A two-year-old child's family has a pet dog. The child visits the neighbor's house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and a different color, the child points to it and says "dog." This demonstrates Piaget's process of

A)adaptation.
B)accommodation.
C)assimilation.
D)acclamation.

Question 22

Adrienne and her husband want to provide their infant daughter with lots of opportunities for brain development. According to research, they should do all except which of the following?

A)Provide their daughter with lots of toys and computer games
B)Spend time talking to their daughter
C)Hold their daughter often
D)Sing and dance with their daughter

Question 23

After having several birthday parties at home, a six-year old develops a _____ for this type of an experience, so he/she will know what to expect if they go to someone else's birthday party.

A)pattern
B)plan
C)habit
D)schema

Question 24

Piaget described human thought in terms of two basic concepts:

A)logic and reason.
B)logic and emotion.
C)adaptation and affordances.
D)assimilation and accommodation.

Question 25

Invariant sequences often reflect the influence of

A)the environment.
B)learning.
C)the genetic code.
D)parents.

Question 26

The behavioral assumption that development is a process of gradual change suggests that development is

A)unpredictable.
B)stage progression.
C)continuous.
D)discontinuous.

Question 27

Piaget's law that says properties such as weight, mass, and volume stay the same even though their appearance may change is called

A)egocentrism.
B)conservation.
C)animism.
D)assimilation.

Question 28

Mary, who is beginning middle school next year, has started to be able to reason more logically, problem solve in social situations, attend to a teacher's lecture, and set goals for herself. These activities are more likely sustained in the ________ of the brain and are referred to as ________.

A)limbic system; planning functions
B)corpus callosum; adolescent functions
C)visual cortex; executive functions
D)frontal part; executive functions

Question 29

Baby Sally is being observed as she gazes at novel images. The researchers are most likely measuring her ________ time.

A)gazing
B)visual stimuli
C)fixation
D)bulls-eye

Question 30

Asked why the sky was blue, four-year-old Roger said, "Because my mommy painted it." This demonstrates the principle of

A)object permanence.
B)conservation.
C)animism.
D)artification.

Question 31

Jean Piaget hypothesized that cognitive development progressed

A)as a slow lifetime process.
B)as a result of heredity.
C)as a quantitative change process.
D)as an orderly sequence of stages.

Question 32

A four-month-old infant is playing with keys. You place a magazine on top of the keys. The infant does not search for them. This demonstrates a lack of

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)egocentrism.
D)conservation.

Question 33

Stage theories are to _____ as learning theories are to _____.

A)continuity; discontinuity
B)quantitative change; qualitative change
C)Watson; Freud
D)discontinuity; continuity

Question 34

Which statement is most true regarding motor development in infancy?

A)There is great variation in both timing and sequence of motor development.
B)There may be some variation in timing of specific motor tasks, but the sequence generally remains the same.
C)There is a great deal of variation in the acquisition of motor tasks based on gender and ethnicity.
D)None of these are true

Question 35

Dennis wanted his mom to put a band-aid on the sidewalk as well as on his knee because he thought the sidewalk was having a "boo boo" also. This demonstrates the principle of

A)object permanence.
B)conservation.
C)animism.
D)artification.

Question 36

You find that your infant takes great pleasure in the game of peek-a-boo. What Piagetian concept explains this observation?

A)Object permanence
B)Deferred imitation
C)Assimilation
D)Preoperations

Question 37

During the sensorimotor stage, behavior becomes increasingly

A)cognitive.
B)automatic.
C)disorganized.
D)purposeful.

Question 38

The acquisition of the basics of language at about age two allows the child to use words and symbols to represent objects. This begins the

A)cognitive stage process.
B)preoperational stage.
C)language operational period.
D)concrete operational period.

Question 39

Walk and Gibson (1961) demonstrated that infants tend to respond to visual cues for depth by the time they are able to

A)crawl.
B)talk.
C)sit up.
D)walk.

Question 40

You are playing hide-and-seek with your preoperational child. You count to 10 while he/she hides. You find your child sitting in the middle of the room with his/her eyes closed. The child believes because he/she cannot see you, then you cannot see him/her. This demonstrates

A)animism.
B)decentration.
C)object permanence.
D)egocentrism.

Question 41

According to Ainsworth, babies who demonstrate proximity to their mother and separation anxiety when apart are showing indications of

A)socialization.
B)individuality.
C)association.
D)attachment.

Question 42

Erik Erikson described an early stage of psychosocial development during which we depend on primary caretakers. This relationship determines the emergence of

A)attachment.
B)autonomy.
C)trust versus mistrust.
D)attachment versus autonomy.

Question 43

Moral behavior that meets the expectations of others is an example of which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development?

A)Preconventional
B)Conventional
C)Postconventional
D)Contra-conventional

Question 44

Laquetta was helping her mother with the dishes when she accidentally knocked over and broke 10 plates. Kate was sneaking in the kitchen to steal the last cookie from a plate and accidentally knocked the plate off the counter and broke it. According to preoperational morality, who is naughtier?

A)Kate because she was stealing.
B)Kate because she took the last cookie.
C)Laquetta because she broke more dishes.
D)Laquetta because she was cleaning the dishes badly.

Question 45

Lise can begin to tie her shoes but cannot complete the task without help from her father. According to Vygotsky, Lise's shoe tying is

A)outside the zone of proximal development.
B)part of the process of conservation.
C)within the zone of proximal development.
D)related to formal operations.

Question 46

A child who cleans up her room to avoid losing a privilege is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg's theory.

A)conventional
B)post conventional
C)nonconventional
D)preconventional

Question 47

Kohlberg's method of study used

A)moral dilemmas.
B)memory schema.
C)surveys.
D)behavioral observations.

Question 48

Piaget is to _______ as Vygotsky is to _______.

A)cognition; emotion
B)scaffolding; egocentrism
C)maturation; culture
D)unconscious; conscious

Question 49

Conservation, decentration, reversibility, and subjective responsibility are generally achieved at about __________ years.

A)1 to 2
B)3 to 5
C)7 to 10
D)12 to 15

Question 50

The four childhood goals of social development, according to Erikson, are

A)trust, identity, intimacy, and industry.
B)autonomy, initiative, integrity, and trust.
C)trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry.
D)trust, generativity, identity, and industry.

Question 51

The preoperational child judges only the consequences of an action and cannot center on both consequences and intention. Piaget describes this as

A)immoral.
B)objective responsibility.
C)injustice.
D)subjective moral judgment.

Question 52

A third-grader who decides not to cheat on a test because if caught his parents would be displeased with him is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg's theory.

A)postconventional
B)nonconventional
C)preconventional
D)conventional

Question 53

Lev Vygotsky differs from Piaget in his view of cognitive development because of his emphasis on the importance of

A)culture.
B)environment.
C)innate brain processes.
D)stages.

Question 54

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a(n) __________ theory.

A)information-processing
B)metamemory
C)stage
D)untested

Question 55

Attachment is defined as

A)an enduring emotional tie.
B)basic trust.
C)a human bond.
D)a temporary bond.

Question 56

At stage three of the conventional level, children show a __________ orientation.

A)metamoral
B)good-boy/good-girl
C)punishment
D)law and order

Question 57

According to Erikson, the infant-parent relationship can affect issues associated with _____ during the first year of life.

A)guilt
B)trust
C)autonomy
D)identity

Question 58

Which of the following Piagetian ideas seem to have the most resistance to criticism?

A)We develop in stages.
B)Developmental sequences are always the same.
C)Object permanence takes at least two years to develop.
D)Egocentrism does not diminish until concrete operations.

Question 59

According to Erikson, a toddler who is given opportunities to explore and manipulate things in his environment and who is encouraged to investigate will gain a sense of

A)trust.
B)autonomy.
C)superiority.
D)inferiority.

Question 60

Cognitive _____ refers to a temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to a child who is learning to perform a task.

A)operations
B)conservation
C)scaffolding
D)egocentrism

Question 61

Which parenting style is most likely to have strict guidelines about what is right and wrong and to expect the child to adhere to those guidelines?

A)Authoritarian parents
B)Permissive parents
C)Restrictive parents
D)Authoritative parents

Question 62

Competent children tend to have

A)uninvolved parents.
B)authoritarian families.
C)authoritative parents.
D)permissive learning styles.

Question 63

You leave your six-month-old infant with a familiar babysitter. The babysitter calls you to say that the baby is crying and will not stop. Your infant's behavior is characteristic of the __________ phase of attachment.

A)initial pre-attachment
B)ambivalent
C)attachment-in-the-making
D)clear-cut-attachment

Question 64

The __________ view proposes that attachment occurs only at certain times and in the presence of a species-specific stimulus.

A)critical period
B)behavioral
C)stage
D)continuity

Question 65

Harry Harlow (1959) demonstrated that attachment in rhesus monkeys was related to

A)feeding only.
B)contact comfort.
C)learning experiences.
D)insecure, clingy monkeys.

Question 66

What do permissive and authoritarian parents have in common?

A)They are both indifferent.
B)They are both easygoing.
C)They are both poor communicators.
D)They are both strict.

Question 67

What do authoritative and authoritarian parents have in common?

A)They are both strict.
B)They both rely on force to gain compliance with restrictions.
C)They are predictable and don't rely on communication.
D)They can be cold and rejecting.

Question 68

According to Diane Baumrind, children who can manipulate their environment to achieve their goals have developed

A)a preference for autonomy.
B)instrumental competence.
C)instrumental security.
D)instrumental preferences.

Question 69

In the Strange Situation method, a child who keeps playing with building blocks and doesn't make eye contact with his mother when she returns, is demonstrating a(n)

A)avoidant attachment.
B)ambivalent attachment.
C)secure attachment.
D)nonattachment.

Question 70

Using Ainsworth's procedure, you observe an infant mildly protesting his mother's departure, seeking reunion with her, and being readily comforted upon her return. You conclude that the infant is

A)trusting.
B)autonomous.
C)securely attached.
D)avoidantly attached.

Question 71

A positive effect of daycare is

A)children tend to be more outgoing, independent, and self-reliant.
B)the clear advantages for parent-child attachment.
C)increased cooperation and compliance.
D)increased individual attention.

Question 72

Diana Baumrind studied the connection between parental behavior and the development of instrumental competence, which refers to the ability to

A)function independently.
B)form relationships.
C)mature emotionally.
D)manipulate the environment to achieve one's goals.

Question 73

Ainsworth innovated the __________ method to study attachment.

A)strange situation
B)maternal preference
C)visual cliff
D)maternal tracking

Question 74

One explanation for the observation that abuse tends to run in families is

A)children can accept their parent's strict discipline policies.
B)all abused children inevitably become abusers.
C)abused children relieve depression by using aggression.
D)abused children view abuse as abnormal.

Question 75

Behaviorist theories argue

A)that there is no such thing as attachment.
B)that attachment is based on the association of basic need gratification with feelings of security.
C)that attachment results from survival instincts.
D)that attachment demonstrates insecurity.

Question 76

Some animals become attached to the first moving object they encounter. Lorenz called this phenomenon

A)critical attachment.
B)instinctual attachment.
C)imprinting.
D)imitation.

Question 77

Authoritative parents are both strict and

A)easygoing with their children.
B)rejecting.
C)poor communicators.
D)respectful toward their children.

Question 78

Before infants demonstrate a specific attachment, they exhibit

A)undifferentiated attachment.
B)indiscriminate attachment.
C)undefined attachment.
D)indifferent attachment.

Question 79

A preference for familiar figures occurs during the __________ stage of attachment.

A)indiscriminate
B)avoidant
C)attachment-in-the-making
D)clear-cut-attachment

Question 80

Werner and Nancy are generally easygoing with their daughter, Krista. As a result, she does whatever she wants. According to Diana Baumrind, what type of parents are Werner and Nancy?

A)Authoritative
B)Authoritarian
C)Permissive
D)Uninvolved