Deck 11: Stress, Health, and Coping

Question 1

Which is the best word that describes the nature of the research concerning stress and illness?

A)Inconclusive
B)Conclusive
C)Statistical
D)Ambiguous

Answer 1

Inconclusive

Question 2

A demand made on an organism to adapt is called

A)request.
B)stress.
C)dissonance.
D)equilibrium.

Answer 2

stress.

Question 3

Lazarus found that daily hassles include all of the following except

A)health issues.
B)financial responsibility hassles.
C)natural disasters.
D)work hassles.

Answer 3

natural disasters.

Question 4

Being pulled in two directions at the same time would, most specifically, be called

A)conflict.
B)depression.
C)arousal.
D)psychological hardiness.

Question 5

Jens feels that he can't decide between two different decisions regarding graduate school. This might be called a

A)catastrophe.
B)conflict.
C)controversy.
D)none of these

Question 6

Vacationing in Paris versus vacationing in Rome could be an example of an ______________ conflict.

A)approach-approach
B)approach-avoidance
C)avoidance-avoidance
D)advance-remove

Question 7

The amount of stress resulting from daily hassles and life changes depends on the individual's

A)cognitive appraisal of the situation.
B)personality type.
C)both personality and cognitive appraisal of the situation.
D)none of these

Question 8

Lazarus refers to the opposite of daily hassles as

A)daily satisfactions.
B)uplifts.
C)inner peace.
D)security.

Question 9

A patient has a choice between surgery or a painful treatment. This is indicative of a(n) _______ conflict.

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-approach
C)approach-approach
D)avoidance-avoidance

Question 10

Which of the following statements is correct concerning marriage and health?

A)Women who remarry live longer than men who stay married to the same person.
B)Men who remarry live longer than women who remarry.
C)Divorced people live longest.
D)People who stay married to the same person live longest.

Question 11

Dr. Andersen's class is studying how to prevent health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, to lower high blood pressure with diet and exercise, and to effectively deal with everyday hassles. They are studying

A)health psychology.
B)psychology health psychology.
C)physical health psychology.
D)all of these

Question 12

A conflict that involves two negative goals is called

A)negative-negative.
B)avoidance-avoidance.
C)withdrawal-withdrawal.
D)all of these

Question 13

Judd is concerned about terrorism, taxes, property investments, and retirement. His type of hassle is called

A)environmental.
B)security.
C)outer concern.
D)time-pressure.

Question 14

Life changes that are positive can still be stressful because _________ is involved.

A)loneliness
B)adjustment
C)depression
D)none of these

Question 15

Stress that is healthy is referred to as

A)positive stress.
B)pro-stress.
C)eugenics.
D)eustress.

Question 16

Which word best describes the distinctive feature of hassles?

A)Severe
B)Life altering
C)Regular
D)Non-normative

Question 17

According to the text, which of the following is a limitation of the research on stress and illness?

A)People with different personalities respond to stress in the same way.
B)People who have physical/psychological problems may have more life stresses as a result.
C)People will become more ill in response to positive stresses than negative stresses.
D)People can only rigidly interpret events in one way (as positive or negative).

Question 18

Which of the following is the least stressful type of conflict?

A)Approach-avoidance
B)Avoidance-avoidance
C)Approach-approach
D)Multiple avoidance-avoidance

Question 19

Influenza is caused by a virus that is part of a broad category of disease-causing organisms called

A)pathogens.
B)antibodies.
C)osmoregulators.
D)autoimmune agents.

Question 20

Life changes are to ________ as daily hassles are to ________.

A)continual; discontinual
B)regular; irregular
C)negative; positive
D)discontinual; continual

Question 21

Which of the following best describes the beliefs of Albert Ellis?

A)People are able to reduce stress through biofeedback.
B)People frequently minimize the significance of events.
C)Emotions are not caused by events but are the result of beliefs.
D)Type A behavior can lead to heart disease.

Question 22

According to Ellis, the result of a situation that causes stress is called a(n)

A)outcome.
B)result.
C)consequence.
D)stimulus.

Question 23

Which would be true of a person with a Type A behavior pattern?

A)Eating slowly
B)Delegating authority to others
C)Seeking out negative information about himself
D)Arriving late to appointments

Question 24

Kathy hurt her back. She is afraid to go to the doctor because she is worried it is serious, but she is also concerned that it will only worsen without treatment. This is _________ conflict.

A)multiple approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)approach-avoidance

Question 25

Which quotation best represents the Type A personality?

A)"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
B)"Winning isn't everything; it is the only thing."
C)"Don't worry, be happy."
D)"All for one and one for all."

Question 26

Edward's professor told him that his first paper could have been shorter in length. Edward becomes very concerned because now he realizes that he does not know how to write papers and will definitely fail this class. This is an example of

A)imbibing.
B)imbuing.
C)catastrophizing.
D)impetuous behavior.

Question 27

Individuals who are highly driven, competitive, impatient, and aggressive are referred to as

A)Type B.
B)Type A.
C)Type C.
D)none of these

Question 28

Mark is having difficulty in school. He thinks he should tell his professor that he believes he is being treated unfairly but is afraid that this will just make the professor angry and result in more unjust treatment. He decides to stay in bed and avoid class (and his professor) because he does not know how to resolve the _____________ conflict.

A)multiple approach-avoidance
B)approach-approach
C)avoidance-approach
D)avoidance-avoidance

Question 29

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she knows she does not like to see animals suffering from illnesses. This produces a(n) ________ conflict.

A)multiple approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)approach-avoidance

Question 30

Albert Ellis suggests that _______ are just as stressful as the events themselves.

A)the types of events
B)the number of events
C)beliefs about events
D)timing of events

Question 31

All of the following are irrational beliefs many people have (according to Ellis) except

A)You must prove yourself to be thoroughly competent and adequate at achieving something important.
B)You must have sincere love and approval almost all of the time from people who are important to you.
C)People and things should turn out better than they do.
D)It is unreasonable to expect complete competence at everything you do.

Question 32

The top two sources of stress reported by American respondents to an online survey are

A)relationships and work.
B)children and spouses.
C)money and work.
D)physical health and money.

Question 33

The idea that your past has influenced you immensely and must therefore continue to determine your feelings and behavior now is considered a(n)

A)explanation for eustress.
B)reasonable assumption.
C)irrational belief.
D)locus of control.

Question 34

Individuals who experience more car accidents and often arrive early for appointments are _________ personalities.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Type C
D)Type D

Question 35

If a person tends to exaggerate the extent of a loss that heightens their emotional reaction, this is called

A)catastrophizing.
B)compounding.
C)delusional thinking.
D)none of these

Question 36

Catastrophizing over the extent to which a loss will result in more problems can

A)heighten the individual's emotional reaction.
B)foster feelings of hopelessness.
C)lower the person's self-efficacy.
D)all of these

Question 37

Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but then he will feel guilty that he is not exercising. If he were to go to the gym, he would be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the exercise itself. This is ________ conflict.

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)multiple approach-approach
D)multiple approach-avoidance

Question 38

Sarah earns high grades and leads a study group at school. Her brother is less ambitious and earns low grades. Most likely, Sarah is a

A)Type A.
B)Type B.
C)Type C.
D)Type D.

Question 39

According to Ellis, a situation like failing a test, which results in stress is called a(n) _______ event.

A)stimulus
B)causal
C)initiating
D)activating

Question 40

Stewart is relaxed and focuses on quality-of-life issues. He shows a ________ pattern.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Type C
D)Type D

Question 41

For a patient suffering with painful arthritis, the doctor may prescribe

A)a daily dose of the Comedy Hour.
B)the Opera Listening Hour.
C)a murder mystery show.
D)regular soap operas.

Question 42

One theory about the way humor functions to help people cope with stress is that humor is correlated with

A)immune system efficiency.
B)higher electrolytes in the CNS.
C)dopamine decreases.
D)better circulation.

Question 43

According to Kobasa, a professor who takes an active part in the college's future endeavors in addition to his or her normal teaching duties exhibits

A)commitment.
B)control.
C)challenge.
D)change.

Question 44

Psychological hardiness consists of three characteristics. These include

A)expectations, humor, and control.
B)power, control, and commitment.
C)commitment, challenge, and control.
D)confidence, competence, and efficacy.

Question 45

Humor can result in several biological changes such as

A)increase in immunoglobin levels.
B)stimulation of endorphin output.
C)reduction in pain.
D)all of these

Question 46

Which statement most accurately depicts the role of "predictability" as discovered in research on stress?

A)It does not affect the impact of stress.
B)It makes stress boring and therefore less tolerable.
C)It increases the impact of stress.
D)It decreases the impact of stress.

Question 47

High self-efficacy expectations result in

A)lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenalin in the bloodstream.
B)the ability to withstand stress.
C)less disturbance when adverse events occur.
D)all of these

Question 48

Psychological hardiness is to _________ locus of control as helplessness is to _________ locus of control.

A)passive; active
B)external; internal
C)active; passive
D)internal; external

Question 49

Which of the following does not act to moderate the effects of stress?

A)Psychological hardiness
B)A sense of humor
C)Social support
D)Genetic predispositions

Question 50

When you can laugh at your mistakes, you can cope with

A)less stress.
B)more stress.
C)little stress.
D)none of these

Question 51

"A merry heart doeth good like a medicine" is supported by research that shows a sense of humor can

A)boost immune system functioning.
B)alleviate pain.
C)help cope with stress.
D)all of these

Question 52

Mary always tries to listen to her friend's problems and to express care and sympathy. Mary demonstrates

A)appraisal.
B)emotional concern.
C)socialization.
D)instrumental aid.

Question 53

Moderators of stress include all of the following except

A)personality type.
B)psychological hardiness.
C)sense of humor.
D)predictability and control.

Question 54

According to the research on internals and externals, externals cope better with hospital procedures when they

A)don't know anything.
B)receive information about procedures and outcomes.
C)exercise control over events.
D)are comforted by drugs.

Question 55

Heidi is nervous about taking the bar exam at the end of the year. Knowledge of when this test will take place will likely

A)magnify her stress.
B)reduce her stress.
C)not affect her stress.
D)cause her bodily harm.

Question 56

Dan is getting prepared to play a solo at his band concert. He has major "butterflies," and his hands and legs are shaky. He is anything but calm. According to Bandura's research, it appears that Dan has

A)high self-efficacy.
B)low self-efficacy.
C)low amounts of adrenaline.
D)low amounts of noradrenaline.

Question 57

A cancer patient has decided to face her disease with courage and make whatever adjustments are necessary to enjoy her remaining time. According to Kobasa, this patient demonstrates the _________ characteristic of psychological hardiness.

A)control
B)challenge
C)character
D)confidence

Question 58

According to Albert Bandura, when we are faced with fear-inducing stimuli, high expectations of self-efficacy are accompanied by

A)high levels of stress.
B)low levels of adrenaline.
C)high levels of testosterone.
D)low levels of stress.

Question 59

Which person has at least one characteristic of psychological hardiness?

A)Rose feels alienated from her coworkers.
B)Roxanne sees changes as an opportunity to grow.
C)Robert feels helpless at work.
D)Rufus says that stability is normal.

Question 60

The ability to predict a stressor helps to

A)reduce the stress.
B)increase the stress.
C)increase anxiety about the stress.
D)activate stress expectancy.

Question 61

One interesting side effect related to women's response to stress versus men's responses, according to Taylor, is

A)a woman's life expectancy is longer.
B)a man's life expectancy is longer.
C)women have more headaches.
D)men are more likely to drive faster.

Question 62

One reason for gender differences in response to stress is the release of __________, which is a hormone associated with cuddling one's young.

A)noradrenaline
B)adrenaline
C)endorphin
D)oxytocin

Question 63

Hans Selye suggested that the body was like a(n) ___________ when it was under stress.

A)shaking tree
B)alarm clock that won't stop
C)baked chicken that is overcooked
D)sinking ship

Question 64

Taylor and her colleagues would agree with which of the following?

A)Males and females exhibit different responses to stress.
B)Men are more likely to exhibit the tend-and-befriend response.
C)Women are more likely to exhibit the fight-or-flight response.
D)None of these

Question 65

Maureen has been under continuing stress, and she is exhausted. This continued stress could lead to

A)diseases of adaptation.
B)the leukocyte-erythrocyte reaction.
C)the neutrophil-leukocyte reaction.
D)acute erythrocyte adaptation.

Question 66

________ suppresses the immune system.

A)Stress
B)Sleep
C)Rest
D)Social support

Question 67

Connor was frightened as his cab was weaving in and out of traffic across the city. The level of his endocrine and sympathetic activity eventually lowered as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. This occurs during the

A)exhaustion phase.
B)resistance phase.
C)alarm reaction.
D)snooze button phase.

Question 68

Regarding stress responses, males are to _________ as females are to ________.

A)face the action; escape to freedom
B)tend and befriend; face the action
C)response; reaction
D)fight or flight; tend and befriend.

Question 69

During the exhaustion phase, ________ predominates.

A)high muscle capacity
B)the sympathetic division of the ANS
C)the parasympathetic division of the ANS
D)the unsympathetic division of the ANS

Question 70

During the alarm stage, stress has a domino effect on the ________ system.

A)peripheral nervous
B)endocrine
C)muscular
D)skeletal

Question 71

Both men and women release the hormone ________ under stress, which has a calming effect; however, men have more of the ________ hormone, which may mitigate this effect.

A)oxytocin; testosterone
B)oxytocin; estrogen
C)cortisol; testosterone
D)cortisol; adrenaline

Question 72

Mark sees an attacker approaching him with a knife. During his reaction, he experiences increased energy and a faster heart rate. This is caused most directly by

A)adrenaline and noradrenaline.
B)CRH and ACTH.
C)cortisol.
D)corticosteroids.

Question 73

Social support tends to ________ the effects of stress.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)corrupt
D)corroborate

Question 74

Which of the following includes emotional concern, information, and appraisal?

A)Type A
B)Social support
C)Predictability
D)Humor

Question 75

The general adaptation stage that involves coping with the stress is called the

A)response stage.
B)alarm phase.
C)exhaustion phase.
D)resistance phase.

Question 76

The three stages of GAS (in their correct order) are

A)alarm, snooze, rest.
B)alarm, rest, snooze.
C)alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
D)resistance, alarm, exhaustion.

Question 77

Jerry has poor social skills and lives on his own. When he is under stress, he

A)will develop an internal locus of control.
B)will develop an external locus of control.
C)is more likely to develop an infectious disease.
D)is less likely to develop an infectious disease.

Question 78

When under a great deal of stress, the body secretes these hormones in which of the following orders?

A)CRH, ACTH, cortisol
B)ACTH, CRH, cortisol
C)ACTH, cortisol, CRH
D)CRH, cortisol, ACTH

Question 79

While crossing the street, Jennifer looks to her left and sees an oncoming truck. She first experiences the

A)alarm reaction.
B)resistance stage.
C)prayer effect.
D)estrogen scare response.

Question 80

Which of the following forms of social support entails providing low-interest loans or temporary living quarters?

A)Emotional concern
B)Instrumental aid
C)Appraisal
D)Recreation