Deck 16: The Endocrine System

Question 1

All of the following are True of steroid hormones, except that they

A) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
B) are derived from cholesterol.
C) are produced by reproductive glands.
D) bind to receptors within the cell.
E) are lipids.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

A) ATP is consumed.
B) cAMP is formed.
C) cAMP is broken down.
D) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
E) none of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Gap junctions

A) coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells.
B) coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells.
C) facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrical synapses.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

A) endocrine
B) cardiovascular
C) body
D) muscular
E) hepatic

Question 5

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

A) catecholamines
B) peptide hormones
C) eicosanoids
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 6

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except

A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) thyroid-stimulating hormone.
E) melatonin.

Question 7

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

A) cAMP.
B) cGMP.
C) ATP.
D) a G protein.
E) calcium ion levels.

Question 8

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D) cell becomes inactive.
E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

Question 9

An activated G protein can trigger

A) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane.
B) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
C) a fall in cAMP levels.
D) a rise in cAMP levels.
E) all of the above

Question 10

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

A) insulin
B) ACTH
C) epinephrine
D) cyclic AMP
E) TSH

Question 11

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

A) lipids.
B) peptides.
C) steroids.
D) amino acid derivatives.
E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

Question 12

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

A) hormones; neurotransmitters
B) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters
C) neurotransmitters; hormones
D) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides
E) neuropeptides; neurohormones

Question 13

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

A) quantities of enzymes.
B) activities of enzymes.
C) synthesis of enzymes.
D) gating of ion channels.
E) all of the above

Question 14

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

A) Hormones
B) Neuropeptides
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Humoral antibodies
E) none of the above

Question 15

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include

A) peptides.
B) steroids.
C) eicosanoids.
D) amino acid derivatives.
E) all of the above

Question 16

Peptide hormones are

A) composed of amino acids.
B) produced by the adrenal glands.
C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
D) lipids.
E) chemically related to cholesterol.

Question 17

Endocrine structures

A) are a type of nerve cell.
B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.
C) release their secretions directly into body fluids.
D) contain few vesicles.
E) are modified connective-tissue cells.

Question 18

All of the following are True of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

A) respond rapidly to stimuli.
B) respond specifically to stimuli.
C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
D) respond with motor output.
E) function independently of the endocrine system.

Question 19

Steroid hormones

A) are proteins.
B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

Question 20

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

A) only one
B) one or two
C) two
D) several

Question 21

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 22

Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it

A) promotes bone growth.
B) promotes muscle growth.
C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes.
D) is glucose sparing.
E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells.

Question 23

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) LH.
D) GH.
E) all of the above

Question 24

All target cells

A) have hormone receptors.
B) respond to chemical signals.
C) secrete hormones.
D) have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals.
E) secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.

Question 25

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) ACTH.
D) ADH.
E) MSH.

Question 26

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

A) CRF and GnRH.
B) TSH and FSH.
C) ADH and oxytocin.
D) FSH and PRL.
E) GHIH and GHRH.

Question 27

The hormone oxytocin

A) promotes uterine contractions.
B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C) rises during sexual arousal.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 28

The most complex endocrine responses that integrated the nervous and endocrine system involve the

A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thymus gland.

Question 29

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?

A) blood level of an ion-like potassium
B) blood level of glucose
C) blood level of a hormone
D) nervous stimuli
E) all of the above

Question 30

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

A) direct neural stimulation.
B) indirect osmotic control.
C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
E) gap synaptic junctions.

Question 31

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 32

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

A) adenylyl cyclase is activated.
B) cyclic nucleotides are formed.
C) G proteins are phosphorylated.
D) gene transcription is initiated.
E) protein kinases are activated.

Question 33

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

A) loss of ADH secretion
B) loss of GH secretion
C) loss of melatonin secretion
D) loss of emotional response
E) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion

Question 34

The hypophyseal portal system

A) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.
B) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
C) carries ADH and oxytocin.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 35

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

A) FSH.
B) ADH.
C) TSH.
D) MSH.
E) ACTH.

Question 36

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

A) endocrine
B) cardiovascular
C) renal
D) muscular
E) hepatic

Question 37

Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

A) paraventricular nuclei
B) supraoptic nuclei
C) median eminence
D) infundibulum
E) geniculate bodies

Question 38

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?

A) FSH
B) oxytocin
C) TSH
D) corticotropin
E) somatotropin

Question 39

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

A) calcitonin.
B) calcitriol.
C) calmodulin.
D) calcium-binding globulin.
E) calcitropin.

Question 40

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

A) gonadotrophins.
B) prostaglandins.
C) hepatic hormones.
D) somatomedins.
E) glucocorticoids.

Question 41

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 42

Figure 16-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "5."

A) thyroid-releasing hormone
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) thyroxin (thyroid hormones)
D) thyrotropin
E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 43

Figure 16-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "4."

A) thyroid-releasing hormone
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone
C) thyroxin
D) thyrotropin
E) calcitonin

Question 44

The primary function of ADH is to

A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.
B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
C) decrease blood pressure.
D) increase digestive absorption.
E) delay urination.

Question 45

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 16

Question 46

A deficiency of which hormone can lead to excessive water loss?

A) 3
B) 7
C) 2
D) 8
E) 14

Question 47

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) PRL
D) ADH
E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 48

Figure 16-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled " 1."

A) mineralocorticoid
B) cortisol
C) dopamine
D) corticotropin (ACTH)
E) aldosterone

Question 49

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

A) inhibition
B) synthesis
C) release
D) inhibition and synthesis
E) synthesis and release

Question 50

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) renin
D) ADH
E) cortisol

Question 51

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) growth hormone.
D) FSH.
E) prolactin.

Question 52

Which of the following is not an action of TSH?

A) stimulates T₃ and T₄ secretion
B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells
C) inhibits T₃ and T₄ secretion
D) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells
E) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells

Question 53

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

A) TSH.
B) FSH.
C) MSH.
D) STH.
E) ADH.

Question 54

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

Question 55

Figure 16-1 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the hormone labeled "13."

A) LH
B) progesterone
C) estrogen
D) oxytocin
E) testosterone

Question 56

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) oxytocin
E) gonadotropins

Question 57

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

A) ACTH.
B) MSH.
C) prolactin.
D) insulin.
E) growth hormone.

Question 58

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

A) ACTH.
B) ADH.
C) oxytocin.
D) TSH.
E) LH.

Question 59

The testes produce

A) LH.
B) progesterone.
C) testosterone.
D) inhibin.
E) FSH.

Question 60

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is (are)

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) just extra fluids.
E) oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

Question 61

The adrenal medulla produces

A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) corticosteroids.

Question 62

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

A) in lysosomes
B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
D) in pinocytotic vesicles
E) in apical microvilli

Question 63

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

A) somatotropin.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) glucagon.

Question 64

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) glucagon.
E) oxytocin.

Question 65

Which of the following cooperate to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion?

A) prolactin
B) estrogens
C) progesterone
D) placental hormones
E) all of the above

Question 66

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

Question 67

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

A) increased oxygen consumption
B) increased heart rate
C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation
D) increased body temperature
E) all of the above

Question 68

Thyroid hormone contains the element

A) fluorine.
B) chlorine.
C) iron.
D) iodine.
E) zinc.

Question 69

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

A) thyroxine.
B) TSH.
C) calcitonin.
D) PTH.
E) triiodothyronine.

Question 70

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

A) kidneys.
B) heart.
C) thyroid gland.
D) gonads.
E) pituitary gland.

Question 71

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

A) thymosin
B) calcitonin
C) PTH
D) aldosterone
E) cortisol

Question 72

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

Question 73

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin?

A) prostate
B) ductus deferens
C) mammary glands
D) uterus
E) all of the above

Question 74

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.
D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.
E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

Question 75

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

A) elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption.
B) decreased heart rate and force of contraction.
C) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation.
D) maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers.
E) stimulation of red blood cell formation.

Question 76

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

A) thyroid glands; calcitonin
B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin
C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine
E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

Question 77

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) growth hormone.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) thyroid hormone.

Question 78

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

A) prolactin; corticotropin
B) oxytocin; mammotropin
C) gonadotropin; mammotropin
D) oxytocin; cortisol

Question 79

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces

A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

Question 80

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't

A) stimulate osteoclast activity.
B) inhibit osteoblast activity.
C) build up bone.
D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.
E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.