Deck 23: The Urinary System

Question 1

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

A) renal sinus.
B) renal pelvis.
C) renal calyx.
D) renal hilum.
E) renal corpuscle.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Major calyces are

A) large tributaries of the renal pelvis.
B) expanded ends of nephrons.
C) basic functional layers of the kidney.
D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 40
E) 50

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

A) releases renin
B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration
C) final urine enters here
D) initial filtrate enters here
E) tip of the medullary pyramid

Question 5

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

A) releases renin
B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration
C) final urine enters here
D) initial filtrate enters here
E) tip of the medullary pyramid

Question 6

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

A) renal cortex.
B) renal medulla.
C) major calyx.
D) fibrous capsule.
E) renal pelvis.

Question 7

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

A) slightly inferior
B) slightly superior
C) slightly posterior
D) slightly transverse
E) slightly ipsilateral

Question 8

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

A) excretes excess albumin molecules
B) regulates blood volume
C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH
D) eliminates organic waste products
E) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes

Question 9

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system, except the

A) kidney.
B) urinary bladder.
C) rectum.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 10

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A) blood vessels.
B) lymphatics.
C) the ureters.
D) the urethra.
E) the calyces.

Question 11

Which of the following is not an important function of the kidney?

A) control of total body water
B) control of the electrolyte composition of the blood
C) excretion of excess albumen
D) control of production of red blood cells by bone marrow
E) regulation of blood pressure

Question 12

Urine is eliminated through the

A) liver.
B) urinary bladder.
C) kidney.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 13

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

A) the overlying peritoneum.
B) contact with adjacent visceral organs.
C) supporting connective tissues.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 14

All of the following are True of the kidneys, except that they are

A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal.
B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
C) located partly within the pelvic cavity.
D) held in place by the renal fascia.
E) covered by peritoneum.

Question 15

Functions of the urinary system include

A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
B) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
C) helping to stabilize blood pH.
D) conservation of valuable nutrients.
E) all of the above

Question 16

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

A) calyx.
B) pelvis.
C) ureter.
D) hilum.
E) pyramid.

Question 17

Renal columns are

A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.
B) expanded ends of the ureters.
C) the basic functional units of the kidney.
D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

Question 18

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

A) pyramids.
B) renal columns.
C) renal pelvises.
D) nephrons.
E) calyces.

Question 19

The renal sinus is

A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue.
B) part of a renal pyramid.
C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
D) a large branch of the renal pelvis.
E) a renal corpuscle.

Question 20

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

A) renal papilla.
B) renal pelvis.
C) renal medulla.
D) renal cortex.
E) renal sinus.

Question 21

A glomerulus is

A) the expanded end of a nephron.
B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
C) the source of erythropoietin.
D) attached to the collecting duct.
E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

Question 22

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

A) vasa recta
B) medulla
C) cortex
D) pelvis
E) calyces

Question 23

Figure 23-1
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "10."

A) renal pelvis
B) minor calyx
C) ureter
D) major calyx
E) renal column

Question 24

Figure 23-1
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) renal pelvis
B) minor calyx
C) ureter
D) major calyx
E) renal column

Question 25

Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) collecting ducts
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) glomerulus

Question 26

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) papillary duct
D) renal corpuscle
E) ureter

Question 27

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

A) hydrogen.
B) penicillin.
C) creatinine.
D) potassium ions.
E) all of the above

Question 28

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney.
1) afferent arteriole
2) arcuate artery
3) interlobar artery
4) renal artery
5) glomerulus
6) cortical radiate artery
7) efferent arteriole
8) peritubular capillary
The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is

A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8.
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8.
D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8.
E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.

Question 29

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting loop.
E) minor calyx.

Question 30

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) papillary tubule.
E) calyx.

Question 31

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

A) peritubular
B) glomerular
C) vasa recta
D) cortical
E) efferent

Question 32

Figure 23-1
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) renal sinus
B) fibrous capsule
C) renal pyramid
D) renal papilla
E) renal column

Question 33

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

A) hydrogen ions.
B) urea.
C) proteins.
D) amino acids.
E) creatinine.

Question 34

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A) renal pyramid.
B) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C) renal corpuscle.
D) renal papilla.
E) collecting tubule system.

Question 35

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

A) afferent arteriole.
B) efferent arteriole.
C) vasa recta.
D) cortical radiate artery.
E) renal vein.

Question 36

Figure 23-1
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A) renal sinus
B) fibrous capsule
C) renal pyramid
D) renal papilla
E) renal column

Question 37

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

A) arteries.
B) veins.
C) venules.
D) capillaries.
E) arterioles.

Question 38

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.

Question 39

Figure 23-1
Use Figure 23-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "9."

A) renal pelvis
B) minor calyx
C) ureter
D) major calyx
E) renal column

Question 40

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A) filtration.
B) reabsorbing nutrients.
C) secretion of acids and ammonia.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) adjusting the urine volume.

Question 41

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers:

A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores.
B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.
C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.
E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

Question 42

Figure 23-2
Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) secretion
D) filtration
E) micturition

Question 43

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the DCT is by the process of

A) diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) active transport.
D) cotransport.
E) countertransport.

Question 44

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following, except

A) produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs.
B) increase the glomerular filtration rate.
C) increase cardiac output.
D) stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction.
E) increase systemic blood pressure.

Question 45

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

A) 1
B) 38
C) 63
D) 74
E) 99

Question 46

The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the

A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) glomerulus.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E) renal papilla.

Question 47

Figure 23-2
Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5 and 6
E) 4, 5, and 6

Question 48

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?

A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure
B) capsular hydrostatic pressure
C) capsular colloid osmotic pressure
D) blood colloid osmotic pressure
E) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

Question 49

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

A) a larger volume of urine.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.
E) urine with less glucose.

Question 50

Figure 23-2
Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?

A) 2
B) 1
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 51

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
B) decrease secretion of aldosterone.
C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.
D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

Question 52

The process of filtration occurs at

A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E) the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

Question 53

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

A) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP
B) FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
C) FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP
D) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP
E) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP)

Question 54

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.

A) sodium ions
B) glucose
C) albumin
D) amino acids
E) urea

Question 55

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except

A) active transport.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) secondary active transport.
D) osmosis.
E) stem cell movements.

Question 56

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

A) 480
B) 180
C) 125
D) 18
E) 1.8

Question 57

The process of filtration is driven by

A) active transport.
B) blood osmotic pressure.
C) blood hydrostatic pressure.
D) renal pumping.
E) solvent drag.

Question 58

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT?

A) 50
B) 90
C) 25
D) 75

Question 59

Figure 23-2
Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?

A) 6
B) 5
C) 4
D) 3
E) 2

Question 60

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?

A) depends on changes in the afferent arteriole
B) depends on changes in the mesangial cells
C) depends on changes in the efferent arteriole
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 61

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

A) excessive ADH secretion.
B) absence of ADH.
C) hematuric oliguria.
D) overproduction of aldosterone.
E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.

Question 62

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter
B) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra
C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct
E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

Question 63

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.

A) incontinence
B) dysuria
C) pyelonephritis
D) renal calculi
E) urinary retention

Question 64

________ is (are) an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.

A) Acute renal failure
B) Chronic renal failure
C) Dysuria
D) Prostate enlargement
E) Kidney stones

Question 65

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?

A) acute renal failure
B) chronic renal failure
C) dysuria
D) prostate enlargement
E) kidney stones

Question 66

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E) both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

Question 67

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

A) simple diffusion.
B) facilitated diffusion.
C) active transport.
D) cotransport with Na ions.
E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

Question 68

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves

A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.
C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
D) a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E) all of the above

Question 69

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

A) more urine is produced.
B) less urine is produced.
C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
D) more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
E) none of the above occurs.

Question 70

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the ________.

Question 71

During the micturition reflex,

A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.
B) sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active.
C) the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 72

The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 73

The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is significantly higher than the capsular hydrostatic pressure.

Question 74

Urine is temporarily stored in the ________.

Question 75

Which of the following is greater?

A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
C) The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.

Question 76

An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

A) glomerulonephritis.
B) polycystic kidney disease.
C) calculi.
D) renal failure.
E) hematuria.

Question 77

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

A) relies on countercurrent multiplication
B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla
C) enables production of hypertonic urine
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 78

Antidiuretic hormone

A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.
C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

Question 79

The detrusor muscle

A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter.
D) functions as the external urinary sphincter.
E) surrounds the renal pelvis.

Question 80

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

A) stratified squamous
B) pseudostratified columnar
C) simple cuboidal
D) transitional
E) simple columnar