Deck 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Antidiuretic hormone

A) is secreted by the pituitary.
B) stimulates water intake.
C) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

About two-thirds of the body fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

A) intracellular
B) intercellular
C) extracellular
D) interstitial
E) vital

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) chloride.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A) 60
B) 50
C) 40
D) 70
E) 80

Question 5

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A) ADH
B) epinephrine
C) ECF
D) natriuretic peptides
E) norepinephrine

Question 6

When pure water is consumed,

A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D) the volume of the ECF decreases.
E) the volume of the ICF decreases.

Question 7

The extracellular fluid (ECE) consists of the

A) plasma and lymph.
B) interstitial fluid.
C) cerebrospinal fluid.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 8

Aldosterone

A) is secreted in response to decreased blood volume.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps increase blood volume and raise blood pressure.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 9

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) none of the above

Question 10

Consuming a meal high in salt will

A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decrease thirst.
D) cause hypotension.
E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Question 11

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?

A) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
B) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
C) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 12

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) PTH
D) acetylcholine
E) natriuretic peptides

Question 13

Intracellular fluid (ICE) is found only within

A) blood vessels.
B) lymph.
C) the cells of the body.
D) the interstitial space.
E) the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 14

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) ECF
D) natriuretic peptides
E) epinephrine

Question 15

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

A) 60
B) 90
C) 40
D) 10
E) 80

Question 16

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

A) ADH
B) angiotensin II
C) PTH
D) natriuretic peptides
E) epinephrine

Question 17

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

A) manganese
B) phosphorus
C) zinc
D) copper
E) none of the above

Question 18

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body.

A) water
B) sodium ions
C) bicarbonate ions
D) hydrogen ions
E) all of the above

Question 19

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are

A) sodium and chloride.
B) sodium and potassium.
C) sodium and calcium.
D) sodium and hydrogen.
E) sodium and phosphorus.

Question 20

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties should this substance not have in order to be effective?

A) permeable to capillary endothelium
B) nontoxic to neurons
C) permeable to brain plasma membranes
D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E) soluble in water

Question 21

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

A) electrolyte.
B) acid.
C) alkali.
D) compensation.
E) buffer.

Question 22

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by

A) stimulating thirst.
B) causing deceased urinary water loss.
C) causing increase Na⁺ retention.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 23

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 24

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the

A) respiratory rate increases.
B) tidal volume increases.
C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.

Question 25

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) parathormone.
D) atrial natriuretic peptides.
E) glucocorticoids.

Question 26

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

A) conserve sodium ions.
B) decrease ECF.
C) excrete sodium ions.
D) both conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E) both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

Question 27

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

A) calcium ions.
B) chlorine ions.
C) potassium ions.
D) sodium ions.
E) electrons.

Question 28

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

A) increased by aldosterone.
B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
C) reduced when the exchange pump binds H⁺.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 29

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

Question 30

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

Question 31

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the

A) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.
B) kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
E) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.

Question 32

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

A) sweating.
B) the kidneys.
C) the liver.
D) the feces.
E) buffers.

Question 33

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?

A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

Question 34

Hypoventilation leads to

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 35

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 36

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

A) chronic respiratory acidosis.
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis.
C) acute respiratory acidosis.
D) chronic metabolic acidosis.

Question 37

Prolonged vomiting can result in

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 38

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

A) buffer stomach acid.
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
D) buffer the urine.
E) increase ventilation.

Question 39

Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 40

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 41

When the pH falls below 7.35, a state of ________ exists.

Question 42

A (n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Question 43

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Question 44

Hyperventilation will ________ pH.

Question 45

The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and briefly describe the kinds of homeostasis involved.

Question 46

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst.

Question 47

Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis?
What is this called?
What effects does it have?

Question 48

The normal pH range for ECF is ________ to ________.

Question 49

Fred has chronic emphysema. Blood tests show that his pH is low but almost normal but his bicarbonate levels are elevated significantly. How can this be?
What would urinalysis show?

Question 50

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

Question 51

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

Question 52

A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion.

Question 53

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are ________ and ________.