Deck 9: Language

Question 1

The mental collection of all of the words we know is called a _____.

A) lexicon
B) dictionary
C) collection of words
D) phoneme restoration

Answer 1

lexicon

Question 2

An issue in language comprehension due to variation in how phonemes are produced is known as _____.

A) functionalism
B) coarticulation
C) specialization
D) invariance problem

Answer 2

invariance problem

Question 3

_____ are the smallest representations that convey meaning and grammatical properties.

A) Phonemes
B) Morphemes
C) Orthographs
D) Words

Answer 3

Morphemes

Question 4

_____ is derived from phrase structure rules, while _____ is the linear order that actually gets produced.

A) Deep structure; surface structure
B) Surface structure; deep structure
C) Lexicon structure; deep structure
D) Surface structure; phoneme structure

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a way that morphemes are used?

A) to switch to a different language
B) to add grammatical features
C) to change the meaning
D) to change syntactic class

Question 6

While sitting in class listening to your professor's lecture, a student sneezes. Miraculously, you still understand the particular point the professor was attempting to make. This illustrates _____.

A) the phoneme restoration effect
B) coarticulation
C) speech invariance
D) morphemes

Question 7

Meaning is to _____ as grammar is to _____.

A) semantics; pragmatics
B) phonology; syntax
C) syntax; semantics
D) semantics; syntax

Question 8

_____ aphasia is to problems with language comprehension as _____ aphasia is to language production.

A) Broca's; Wernicke's
B) Wernicke's; Broca's

Question 9

How many phonemes are in the word, "cups"?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

Question 10

Language consists of all of the following kinds of domains except:

A) form
B) meaning
C) size
D) use

Question 11

How many morphemes are in the word "cows"?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 12

Broca's aphasia is associated with damage to the _____, whereas Wernicke's aphasia is associated with damage to the _____.

A) Left superior frontal cortex; left posterior temporal cortex
B) Left posterior temporal cortex; left inferior frontal cortex
C) Left inferior frontal cortex; left posterior temporal cortex
D) Left posterior temporal cortex; left superior frontal cortex

Question 13

The subfield of linguistics that examines the use of language within particular contexts is called _____.

A) semantics
B) syntax
C) orthography
D) pragmatics

Question 14

A dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order. It seems as though our mental lexicon is organized primarily according to _____.

A) When we learned each word
B) Alphabetical order
C) Frequency
D) Difficulty

Question 15

You are reading a story, and you notice the sentence, "The fly birds home." What is wrong with this sentence?

A) The semantics
B) The morphemes
C) The phonemes
D) The syntax

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT affect word recognition?

A) properties of the word
B) context
C) meaning
D) when you learned them

Question 17

The sentence "The man gave a cloud to his girlfriend" has questionable _____.

A) syntax
B) morphemes
C) semantics
D) orthography

Question 18

Language includes the elements of sounds, words, phrases, and sentences, each of which are related to each other _____.

A) temporally
B) spatially
C) semantically
D) hierarchically

Question 19

_____ morphemes can stand alone, whereas _____ morphemes must be attached to other morphemes.

A) Singular; plural
B) Free; bound
C) Plural; singular
D) Free; plural

Question 20

When you are having a conversation with someone, you often do not stop between words to emphasize that you are saying distinct words. This is known as _____.

A) specialization
B) coarticulation
C) functionalism
D) lateralization

Question 21

DeCasper et al. (1994) found that fetuses could distinguish between old and new stories in the womb. They measured this via _____.

A) Amniotic fluid
B) Heart rate
C) Blood work
D) Neurotransmitter levels

Question 22

Morphemes are the smallest representations that convey meaning and grammatical properties.

Question 23

Wernicke's aphasia is diagnosed when patients cannot produce fluent language.

Question 24

People who cannot comprehend language as a result of a brain injury are likely to have damage to the left inferior frontal lobe.

Question 25

In trying to say the tongue twister, "She sells sea shells by the sea shore", you accidentally say, "She shells she shells by the sea shore". This is an error of _____

A) addition
B) anticipation
C) shift
D) deletion

Question 26

All phonemes are letters of the alphabet.

Question 27

You are talking to your mother, telling her that you have been working hard and you need to e-mail a completed assignment to your professor. You accidentally say, "I have to e-mail my professor to my assignment." This is an error of _____.

A) anticipation
B) exchange
C) shift
D) perseveration

Question 28

According to _____, we construct one syntactic structure based on a set of parsing principles that focus on syntactic information alone.

A) The syntax-second approach
B) The syntax-first approach
C) The semantic-first approach
D) The morpheme-first approach

Question 29

Which animal demonstrates a "language" closest to that of humans?

A) dogs
B) cats
C) songbirds
D) mice

Question 30

In language development, language _____ typically lags behind language _____.

A) Comprehension; production
B) Production; comprehension

Question 31

According to Garrett et al. (1975, 1988, 1989), language production proceeds through a series of processes: _____, _____, and _____.

A) Formulation; syntax; articulation
B) Conceptualization; formulation; articulation
C) Articulation; conceptualization; functionalization
D) Conceptualization; formulation; speech segmentation

Question 32

Syntax is the level of representation at which there are rules that specify[ok?] the ordering of words.

Question 33

We are able to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences.

Question 34

According to Garrod and Pickering (2004), the mechanism through which alignment of the phonological, syntactic, semantic, and situational models occurs is _____.

A) perseveration
B) anticipation
C) coarticulation
D) priming

Question 35

Bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes.

Question 36

Your friend is telling you a story about Tom. She states, "Tom proposed to his girlfriend last night. She said yes!" You assume that "she" is referring to Tom's girlfriend because of _____.

A) Semantic inference
B) Anaphoric inference
C) Syntactic inference
D) Morpheme inference

Question 37

You are watching a movie, and you recognize the leading actress from several other movies. You insist that you know her name, but you just can't remember it. This is known as _____.

A) The word-on-my-tongue state
B) The Freudian-slip-state
C) The tip-of-the-tongue state
D) The edge-of-the-tongue state

Question 38

All languages are created from the same set of phonemes.

Question 39

The subfield of linguistics that examines the use of language within particular contexts is called semantics.

Question 40

Language production typically lags behind language comprehension.

Question 41

Discuss the details of the structure of language. Give definitions for each term and provide examples.

Question 42

List, define, and give examples for each type of speech error.

Question 43

Compare and contrast Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia. Specifically, indicate the brain areas involved in each, the presenting deficits, and give examples of each. Define what it means to have an "acquired language deficit."