Deck 12: Reasoning and Decision Making

Question 1

Roberts (2005) defined three general approaches of deductive reasoning, all of which are included EXCEPT:

A) heuristic approaches
B) representation-explanation approaches
C) conclusion-heuristic approaches
D) conclusion interpretation approaches

Answer 1

conclusion-heuristic approaches

Question 2

_____ propose that errors arise from general biases against making particular conclusions.

A) Surface approaches
B) Representation-explanation approaches
C) Synaptic approaches
D) Conclusion interpretation approaches

Answer 2

Conclusion interpretation approaches

Question 3

"If it snows today, I am not going to go to work. It is not snowing outside. I am going to work." This is an example of a(n) _____.

A) syllogism
B) propositional statement
C) prepositional phrase
D) unconditional statement

Answer 3

propositional statement

Question 4

All of the following are types of inductive reasoning EXCEPT:

A) Analogical reasoning
B) Category induction
C) Representation-explanation approaches
D) Causal reasoning

Question 5

Research suggests that several factors impact how likely we are to correctly follow the rules of logic. All of the following are factors EXCEPT:

A) Phrasing of the premises
B) The content of the arguments
C) How the content falls in line with our initial assumptions
D) Who told us the content

Question 6

_____ processes are largely automatic, rapid, and unconscious as _____ processes are controlled, slow, and conscious.

A) System 1; system 2
B) System 2; system 1

Question 7

_____ focus on how we represent arguments.

A) Synaptic approaches
B) Surface approaches
C) Conclusion interpretation approaches
D) Representation-explanation approaches

Question 8

_____ is about absolute truth, while _____ examines the likelihood of a conclusion being true.

A) deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning
B) Inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning

Question 9

_____ reasoning concerns making and evaluating arguments from general information to specific information as _____ reasoning concerns making and evaluating arguments from specific information to general information.

A) Inductive; deductive
B) Deductive; inductive

Question 10

Forrest Gump's famous quote, "Life is like a box of chocolates - you never know what you're going to get," is an example of _____.

A) Surface approaches
B) Category induction
C) Causal reasoning
D) Analogical reasoning

Question 11

Sometimes it feels as though we use logic to reason, while other times we use other methods, like making a split-second decision without any time to think. This best illustrates _____.

A) Rapid-decision framework
B) Dual-process framework
C) Dual-decision framework
D) Inductive reasoning

Question 12

According to Johnson-Laird et al. (2010), reasoning proceeds through three stages, which are:

A) idea-formation, model-validation, and model construction
B) model construction, conclusion-formation, and conclusion-validation
C) model-validation, idea construction, and conclusion-formation
D) synapse-formation, conclusion-formation, and conclusion-validation

Question 13

_____ is a process by which a conclusion follows from conditional statements.

A) Syllogistic reasoning
B) Conditional reasoning
C) Unconditional reasoning
D) Relevant reasoning

Question 14

_____ developed the logical rules of syllogistic reasoning.

A) Plato
B) Hippocrates
C) Aristotle
D) Freud

Question 15

_____ is a process by which a conclusion follows necessarily from a series of premises.

A) Conditional reasoning
B) Syllogistic reasoning
C) Rational reasoning
D) Irrational reasoning

Question 16

_____ propose that reasoning relies primarily on general heuristics focused on the surface properties of the quantifiers in the argument rather than on reasoning analytically.

A) Representation-explanation approaches
B) Synaptic approaches
C) Conclusion interpretation approaches
D) Surface approaches

Question 17

Deductive reasoning involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Understanding and representing the premises
B) Examining the likelihood of a conclusion being true
C) Combining these representations
D) Drawing a conclusion

Question 18

Imagine that you are taking your dog on a walk through a trail in the woods, and you see an unfamiliar animal. You immediately recognize that it is a bird due to its features, but it is one you have never seen before. Your ability to recognize it as a bird is due to _____.

A) Analogical reasoning
B) Causal reasoning
C) Surface approaches
D) Category induction

Question 19

_____ are those that are either true or False.

A) Syllogisms
B) Relevant statements
C) Propositional statements
D) Conditional statements

Question 20

"All doctors are smart. All those who are smart are wealthy. All doctors are wealthy." This is an example of _____.

A) logistic reasoning
B) conducive reasoning
C) conditional reasoning
D) syllogistic reasoning

Question 21

One of the major differences between laboratory reasoning tasks and everyday reasoning tasks is that:

A) Everyday reasoning tasks are solved for their own sake
B) Laboratory reasoning tasks are often solved as a means of achieving other goals
C) Laboratory reasoning tasks typically have specified procedures
D) Everyday reasoning tasks typically have one correct answer

Question 22

In Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory, they hypothesized that people tend to _____ low-probability outcomes and _____ high-probability outcomes.

A) Focus on; ignore
B) Ignore; focus on
C) Underweight; overweight
D) Overweight; underweight

Question 23

The ideal model of decision making involves:

A) discussing options with peers
B) ranking criteria in terms of their importance
C) pulling the decision out of a hat
D) having someone else make the decision for you

Question 24

You decide that you are going to apply to graduate school for a Master's degree in psychology, and that you want to graduate within 3 years of starting the program. First, you look up all of the schools that have the program you are interested in, and you apply. You receive word that you have been accepted to 3 schools! In order to aid in your decision of which school you should attend, you list all of the pros and cons for each. Then, you sleep on it and make a decision the next morning on which offer to accept. A year into the program, you think to yourself that this was the best decision you could have made, and that you cannot wait to see how this education affects your life. This last portion reflects what stage of decision making?

A) evaluation
B) making a final choice
C) structuring the decision
D) gathering information

Question 25

The probability heuristics model proposes that everyday reasoning is not based on probability but rather on logic.

Question 26

Imagine that you are driving, and the car a few feet ahead of you gets into an accident. You think, "What if I had left a few seconds earlier; that could've been me!" This is an example of _____.

A) Counterfactual thinking
B) Hypothesis testing
C) Verification
D) Causal reasoning

Question 27

Correlation implies causation.

Question 28

The following is a valid conditional argument: "If it snows today, I am not going to work. I am going to work. It is not snowing today."

Question 29

Scientific experiments rely on causal reasoning.

Question 30

Wason (1960, 1972) identified three general strategies that his participants used for hypothesis testing. All of the following are included EXCEPT:

A) Verification
B) Correlation
C) Thinking about alternatives
D) Falsification

Question 31

We are very good at logical reasoning.

Question 32

Imagine that you attend a party with a group of friends, where you all eat a delicious 4-course meal. However, that night, you all end up sick, and you conclude that you must have all gotten sick from the food you ate. This is an example of _____.

A) Representation-explanation approaches
B) Causal reasoning
C) Analogical reasoning
D) Category induction

Question 33

There are rarely established procedures for solving a problem in a laboratory setting.

Question 34

One of the best ways to establish causal relationships is:

A) Thinking about it for a while
B) Doing experiments that require an independent and dependent variable
C) Discussing possibilities with peers
D) Doing correlational experiments

Question 35

Syllogistic reasoning involves a conclusion that follows necessarily from a series of premises.

Question 36

_____ are mental shortcuts that we use to reduce the processing burden on our cognitive systems.

A) Resources
B) Algorithms
C) Heuristics
D) Notes

Question 37

Inductive reasoning involves making and evaluating arguments from general information to specific information.

Question 38

The general model of decision making suggests that we spend time structuring our decision before making a final decision.

Question 39

The dual-process framework details the idea that cognitive tasks can be performed using two separate and distinct processes.

Question 40

Imagine you are out at a bar, trying to make new friends. You see a blonde woman who appears to be nice, but you think, "I don't think I'll approach her - blondes tend to be ditzy." This is an example of _____.

A) Availability bias
B) Framing bias
C) Representativeness bias
D) Comprehension bias

Question 41

Discuss the different types of heuristics biases we face when making decisions, and give an example of each.

Question 42

Discuss the five stages of Galotti's (2002) model of general decision making. Discuss an example to illustrate all five stages.

Question 43

Compare and contrast deductive vs. inductive reasoning.

Question 44

Compare and contrast syllogistic and conditional reasoning. Give an example of each.