Deck 7: Intergovernmental Organizations, International Law, and Nongovernmental Organizations

Question 1

All international problems can be analyzed through the lens of collective goods problems.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Who has proposed which solution to the "tragedy of the commons"?

A) Functionalists propose the use of coercion to discourage the use of the commons.
B) Theorists adopting the collective goods approach propose taxing those who do not cooperate to restructure their preferences.
C) Federalists propose altering the size of the group so the commons will not be used as quickly.
D) Radicals propose creating a world government to force cooperation.
E) Theorists adopting the collective goods approach suggest increasing the commons to meet new needs.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Radicals embrace international law and IGOs because they believe they can play an important role in undermining the capitalist system.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Among the benefits to state interests provided by IGOs is the

A) elimination of all disagreements between member states.
B) setting of international agendas that force governments to make decisions.
C) contribution they make to habits of cooperation and their role socializing states through regular interactions.
D) guaranteed security for weaker states.
E) equal distribution of world resources.

Question 5

The manner and extent to which different IGOs carry out particular functions varies.

Question 6

Which of the following is always True when states must share collective goods?

A) Conflict will result over who controls the collective good.
B) States can suffer negative consequences as a result of the actions of other states.
C) Market mechanisms will ensure that the collective good is preserved.
D) IGOs will resolve problems between states.
E) The collective good will be divided between the states.

Question 7

IGOs often lead to the creation and maintenance of "regimes," which are

A) international rules and principles.
B) world federal systems.
C) clearly delineated international laws.
D) types of government structures.
E) international laws and court systems.

Question 8

Neoliberal institutionalists argue IGOs help states by

A) requiring states to lessen sovereignty.
B) reducing cheating by monitoring states and punishing rule breakers.
C) giving all states an equal vote.
D) pooling resources to create a world police force.
E) taxing individuals and companies.

Question 9

While NGOs are usually associated with the greater social, economic, or political good, they can also be formed for malevolent purposes.

Question 10

International law stems only from treaties; sources of domestic law such as custom and courts are not relevant in the international arena.

Question 11

The functionalist view of cooperation between states argues that

A) Cooperation to solve problems on technical, non-political issues will spill over into political and military cooperation between states.
B) The need to ensure their own security in an anarchic international system will lead states to cooperate in political and military affairs.
C) Cooperation will occur on technical, non-political issues, but states will never cooperate in political and military affairs because there is no pressing need to do so.
D) States will not cooperate, even on technical, non-political issues because there is no pressing need to do so.
E) States will cooperate on political and military affairs to help ensure their security, but will not cooperate on technical issues because there is no pressing need to do so.

Question 12

Over time the United Nations' mandate has shrunk from a broad notion of human security, including providing food and shelter for refugees, to the narrow realm of classical security, such as protecting national territory.

Question 13

IGOs help states make rules, settle disputes, and punish those who fail to follow rules.

Question 14

Neoliberal institutionalists argue that ________ leads to greater possibilities for cooperation between states.

A) a need to ensure state security
B) a push from NGOs
C) the force of international law
D) continuous interaction
E) shared ideas

Question 15

The notion that individually rational behavior may NOT benefit the group as a whole is illustrated by the

A) "tragedy of the commons."
B) invisible hand of the market.
C) project toward a perpetual peace.
D) New International Economic Order.
E) anarchical society.

Question 16

The European Union involves European states cooperating in areas including atomic energy, trade, monetary, and foreign policies.

Question 17

Like liberals, realists believe NGOs play an important role in international relations.

Question 18

Goods that are jointly provided for, but that no one owns or is individually responsible for, are called ________ goods.

A) comparative
B) cognitive
C) capital
D) compellent
E) collective

Question 19

Over the life of the United Nations the sovereignty of states has eroded.

Question 20

The members of the EU are often split on major foreign policy issues.

Question 21

Complex peacekeeping activities differ from traditional peacekeeping activities in that complex activities

A) are much less frequent and more limited.
B) respond to civil war and ethnonationalism.
C) focus only on military, not nonmilitary, issues.
D) primarily address interstate conflicts.
E) involve troops from multiple countries.

Question 22

Which of the following is True of the European Union?

A) Despite the aspirations of the founders, the European Court of Justice plays a very small institutional role in European regionalism.
B) Unlike the other EU institutions, the European Parliament has little democratic accountability.
C) The European Union does not touch on political issues, only economic ones.
D) The members of the European Commission are expected to represent their state's national interests.
E) If member states do not uphold EU law, they can be fined or sanctioned.

Question 23

Which of the following is True of the General Assembly of the United Nations?

A) Debates are only permitted on certain topics under its purview.
B) It is the epicenter of UN power since the end of the Cold War.
C) All member states vote individually, they do not coordinate in coalitions.
D) Its work never attracts public attention.
E) Its work has become increasingly marginalized since the end of the Cold War.

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a success of the League of Nations?

A) Its demarcation of the German-Polish border.
B) Its actions against the aggression of Japan in the 1930s.
C) The fact that it delayed the outbreak of World War II.
D) Its actions against the aggression of Italy in the 1930s.
E) Its ability to convince the United States to join in its collective security actions.

Question 25

Since its inception, how has the Security Council been reformed?

A) Germany was added as a permanent member.
B) Japan was added as a permanent member.
C) Brazil was added as a permanent member.
D) Nigeria was added as a permanent member.
E) No new countries were added as permanent members.

Question 26

How are states constrained by IGOs?

A) States are forced to pay high membership dues.
B) States are subject to binding regulations set by such organizations.
C) States must align their policies to norms and rules of behavior created by IGOs if they are to benefit from membership in these organizations.
D) States must have democratic elections.
E) States must renounce the use of force against other member states.

Question 27

How has the European Union changed over time?

A) It has repeatedly expanded its membership.
B) Its membership has decreased over time.
C) It has expanded from one policy area to another with no public opposition.
D) Its attempts at economic cooperation have met with increasing failure.
E) The European Union has remained relatively unchanged since its founding.

Question 28

Which country does not currently have a permanent seat on the Security Council?

A) the United States
B) Russia
C) Germany
D) China
E) France

Question 29

The United Nations is based on the principle that its primary concern should be international peace and security. How has this principle changed over time?

A) More and more issues are being defined as security issues, forcing the United Nations to intervene in domestic affairs.
B) Because the United Nations has no army, it is no longer able to ensure the security of its member states.
C) The United Nations has suffered many military defeats, causing it to lose credibility.
D) The United Nations has succeeded in ending all international wars.
E) The United Nations has refused to deal with new threats like terrorism.

Question 30

Which of the following is True of IGOs?

A) Successor organizations always try the same approach to performing their functions as their predecessors.
B) Powerful states do not have to align their policies to benefit from membership in an IGO.
C) IGOs do not perform activities that augment state policies.
D) IGOs both enlarge the possibilities for foreign policy and constrain states' ability to conduct and implement foreign policy.
E) States do not use IGOs as instruments of foreign policy.

Question 31

The Organization of American States (OAS) ________.

A) focuses only on economics, not political issues.
B) includes only "southern" states of the Americas.
C) cannot suspend membership for any reason.
D) like the EU, has played a major role in economic development.
E) has acted against coups and countercoups.

Question 32

Which of the following is True of the United Nations Security Council?

A) No states have veto power on the Security Council.
B) The Security Council was deadlocked by the veto of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
C) All states in the Security Council are members on a rotating basis.
D) The Security Council was made to include all member states on the principle of sovereignty.
E) Since the 1970s, the Soviet Union/Russia has used its veto power more times than any other permanent member.

Question 33

The United Nations was founded on which of the following principles?

A) The United Nations assures equal representation of all member states in the Security Council.
B) Only international problems are within the jurisdiction of the United Nations.
C) The United Nations' primary responsibility is promoting global economic growth.
D) The United Nations army will defend all countries.
E) All United Nations decisions are legally binding on states.

Question 34

Which statement is True about UN activities?

A) All peacekeeping missions have been successes.
B) The United Nations authorized the 1991 Gulf War.
C) The United Nations authorized the 2003 Iraq War.
D) The United Nations has not played a role in decolonization.
E) Since the end of the Cold War, the use of the veto in the Security Council has risen.

Question 35

Which Muslim country has had extensive discussions about joining the European Union, but is not yet a member?

A) Iran
B) Poland
C) Russia
D) Turkey
E) Iceland

Question 36

Which statement is True about which regional organization?

A) Asia was one of the first regions to develop a major regional organization, ASEAN.
B) The EU has gone farther than other regional organizations in coordinating policies.
C) The African Union focuses only on economic issues, not political ones.
D) The Organization of American States (OAS) was founded after the Cold War to match European integration.
E) The Arab League includes all countries in the Middle East region.

Question 37

The idea behind the European Coal and Steel Community was a ________ one, with the idea that cooperative ventures in nonpolitical issue areas would spill over to issues of national security.

A) realist
B) federalist
C) functionalist
D) collective goods-inspired
E) Marxist

Question 38

The United Nations was designed to deal only with international problems, not domestic ones. Today this poses a problem because

A) there are few international problems today, only domestic ones.
B) many wars today are civil wars.
C) there are no precedents for humanitarian intervention in domestic affairs.
D) functionalists have come to oppose this design.
E) the United Nations' army was only trained to fight domestic wars.

Question 39

The Westphalian idea of the sovereign equality of member states is

A) the basis for the structure of the UN Security Council.
B) the basis for each state's having one vote in the UN General Assembly.
C) the basis for the veto power of the five permanent members of the Security Council.
D) the basis for the weighted voting system used by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
E) the basis for the role for certain states in the UN budget negotiations.

Question 40

The peacekeeping mission in which of the following countries is considered to be largely a success of complex peacekeeping by the United Nations?

A) Democratic Republic of the Congo
B) Rwanda
C) Namibia
D) Sudan
E) South Sudan

Question 41

Which statement best depicts the realist view of NGOs?

A) NGOs are becoming key actors in international relations.
B) NGOs are important to solving the problem of anarchy in the international system.
C) NGOs represent dominant economic interests.
D) NGOs show the importance of private individuals in shaping international relations.
E) NGOs are not independent actors; they derive their power from states.

Question 42

During the Arab Spring of 2011, the League of Arab States took the unusual move to

A) criticize Israel.
B) suspend Libyan and Syrian membership.
C) call for democracy across all Arab states.
D) organize an oil boycott of countries opposing reform.
E) use its troops to overthrow the Libyan government.

Question 43

The International Court of Justice is basically a weak institution for which of the following reasons?

A) Most of its cases are quite controversial and remain unresolved.
B) Only individuals are allowed to initiate court proceedings.
C) It lacks the compulsory jurisdiction that domestic courts enjoy.
D) Only a few states are members.
E) It is overwhelmed with a huge number of cases.

Question 44

Radicals argue that international law and international organizations

A) support the interests of the powerful at the expense of the weak.
B) are unlikely to be able to engage in collective action.
C) provide a source of order in the international system.
D) are important independent actors.
E) evolve quickly to represent new interests.

Question 45

What are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)?

A) local and regional units of states
B) subunits of the United Nations
C) international institutions composed of states
D) private, voluntary organizations whose members come together to achieve a common purpose
E) private individuals engaging in track-two diplomacy

Question 46

Which of the following is True of international law?

A) It only regulates interactions among states.
B) Treaties are legally binding on states.
C) It consists of rules, but not norms or customs.
D) International courts are the main enforcers of international law.
E) It has no moral or ethical function.

Question 47

________ jurisdiction allows states to claim legal authority beyond their boundaries in order to punish conduct that is sufficiently heinous to violate the laws of all states.

A) Global
B) Universal
C) Transnational
D) International
E) Intranational

Question 48

Which of the following is a reason NGOs have increased power as actors in international politics since the 1990s?

A) The issues NGOs have seized on can easily be solved by individual states, allowing NGO lobbying to be effective.
B) NGOs have developed the capacity to command obedience through physical means.
C) NGOs began to organize conferences on transnational issues in parallel to those organized by states and IGOs.
D) NGOs all became open to mass membership.
E) NGOs' power as actors in international politics has not increased since the 1990s.

Question 49

What role do constructivists see IGOs and NGOs playing?

A) They represent the interests of the dominant classes.
B) They represent the interests of states.
C) They represent the interests of private individuals.
D) They serve as norm entrepreneurs that socialize states and teach them new norms.
E) They are more important than state actions in the international system.

Question 50

Which statement best depicts the radical view of NGOs?

A) NGOs are becoming key actors in international relations.
B) NGOs are accountable to the democratic public.
C) NGOs are captive to the dominant economic interests of powerful states.
D) NGOs show the importance of private individuals in shaping international relations.
E) NGOs are important to solving the problem of anarchy in the international system.

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of an NGO?

A) Doctors Without Borders
B) the United Nations
C) the European Union
D) Walmart
E) the Russian military

Question 52

How do radicals view international law?

A) As a key source of order in the international system
B) As something self-interested states might comply with at times
C) As a system developed by powerful Western capitalists
D) As a system of cultural practices open to deconstruction
E) As a moral check on capitalist policies

Question 53

Which of the following is a source of NGOs' power in the international system?

A) their rigid structure
B) their credible information and expertise
C) their separation from grassroots groups
D) their consistent access to funding
E) their voting power at the United Nations

Question 54

Both realists and liberals agree that states voluntarily comply with international law for which of the following reasons?

A) They do so out of their individual self-interest.
B) They do so because they fear being ruled against in the ICJ.
C) They do so because they fear losing face and prestige in the international system.
D) They do so because it is the moral, ethical thing to do.
E) They do so because IGOs are enforcing the law.

Question 55

Which of the following is True about nongovernmental organizations?

A) NGOs only became key actors in international politics after the Cold War.
B) NGOs have been important participants in UN-sponsored conferences addressing global issues.
C) NGOs have little access to government leaders.
D) NGOs, by definition, depend exclusively on private funding.
E) NGOs have an exclusively international dimension.

Question 56

International law differs from law at the state level in that

A) there is no sovereign body with enforcement power.
B) international legislative bodies have greater power than state legislatures.
C) the world court's compulsory jurisdiction supersedes state interests.
D) law at the state level relies on reciprocity for its enforcement.
E) international law gets full compliance from all parties.

Question 57

The campaign to ban land mines was led by

A) governments.
B) one NGO.
C) a coalition of NGOs and governments.
D) the United Nations Security Council.
E) the International Court of Justice.

Question 58

Realists acknowledge that international law provides some benefits for states and the international system

A) and argue that international law should be increasingly institutionalized in IGOs.
B) but also stress that states can opt out of following international laws if they wish.
C) yet argue that great powers should never join IGOs.
D) but join radicals in calling for the eventual dissolution of IGOs.
E) and have proposed a number of useful suggestions for UN reform.

Question 59

The Arab League ________.

A) disintegrated in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011.
B) took decisive action in response to the conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza in 2014.
C) has never deployed a multilateral mission.
D) cannot suspend membership.
E) has sometimes interfered in the domestic politics of a state.

Question 60

While NGOs have distinct advantages over individuals, states, and IGOs, they also have some disadvantages. Which of the following is such a disadvantage?

A) They often have poor reputations.
B) They often have to compete for funding.
C) They are so well funded that they are chronically plagued by waste and corruption.
D) They exist only in democracies.
E) They are always working on issues opposed by state governments.

Question 61

The United Nations has played a key role in international relations both via traditional peacekeeping and complex peacekeeping. Compare and contrast these different types of peacekeeping missions. Which of these types of peacekeeping do you think is most relevant in the international system today, and why?

Question 62

"There are no significant reasons for states to obey international law, and without enforcement mechanisms, such law has little effect on international relations." Agree or disagree with this statement, explain why you are taking your chosen position, and provide real or fictional examples to support your points.

Question 63

Do IGOs, international law, and NGOs create real "global governance"? What actors are involved in global governance, in what capacities, and what is their relative importance in this scheme? How likely is it that we will have effective global governance in the near future? Support your answers to each of these questions with illustrative examples and logical reasoning.

Question 64

Constructivists believe that IGOs and NGOs can influence state behavior by

A) teaching states new norms that may change their preferences.
B) creating international law that obligates states to act in certain ways.
C) reforming the capitalist domination of the international system.
D) conferring on states legitimate legal authority in the international system.
E) constructivists do not believe that IGOs and NGOs can influence state behavior.

Question 65

Discuss the ways in which intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are created, as well as some ways in which these might facilitate or constrain state interests and policies. On the whole, do you believe IGOs are good or bad for international relations? Explain.

Question 66

Compare and contrast the realist, liberal, radical, and constructivist views of NGOs. Which of these perspectives do you think best explain the role of NGOs in the international system today? Provide examples to back up your argument.