Deck 2: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Question 1

In order to become an ion,an atom of chlorine must _____.

A)gain an electron
B)form a covalent bond
C)lose an electron
D)form a hydrogen bond

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When sodium hydroxide,a strong base,is added to water,the pH of the solution _____.

A)goes up.
B)remains the same.
C)goes down.
D)cannot be determined.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A nucleic acid has a "backbone" consisting of:

A)nitrogenous bases
B)sugars
C)phosphates
D)b and c are correct

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Chemical reactions occur:

A)between elements that have magnetic repulsion.
B)rarely as very few elements have electrons in their outer shell.
C)during metabolism as they are necessary for making the substance of cells.
D)only in eukaryotes as they require a nucleus.

Question 5

Chemically stable atoms are inert or less likely to form chemical bonds. A chemically stable element:

A)has l full outer electron shell
B)has the same number of protons as electrons
C)has an atomic number is equal to the atomic mass
D)forms hydrogen bonds

Question 6

The double helix is a structure associated with:

A)disaccharides
B)a compound with hydrogen bonds
C)lipids
D)DNA

Question 7

Two or more atoms combine to form a/an:

A)cation.
B)molecule.
C)protein.
D)ion.

Question 8

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A)Protein-amino acids
B)Nucleic acids-nucleotides
C)Polysaccharides - simple sugars
D)Fats-aldehyde

Question 9

Proteins are chains of ______ that sometimes function as________.

A)disaccharides; cell wall
B)amino acids; enzymes
C)lipids; energy compounds
D)glycogen ; enzymes

Question 10

An ion is all of the following EXCEPT:

A)a charged atom
B)an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons
C)either a cation or an anion
D)an atom with the same number of protons as electrons

Question 11

Electrons have a _______ charge and are found in the _________.

A)positive; inner electron shell
B)positive; outer electron shell
C)negative; nucleus
D)negative; outer electron shell

Question 12

The total number of protons in an atom is equal to its _____.

A)atomic weight
B)molecular weight
C)chemical weight
D)atomic number

Question 13

Charged atomswith electrostatic attraction are generally held together by _____.

A)covalent bonds
B)ionicbonds
C)hydrogen bonds
D)municipal bonds

Question 14

The three fundamental particles of the atom are _____.

A)elements, molecules, and compounds
B)ions, cations, and anions.
C)proteins, lipids, and sugars
D)protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Question 15

Atoms take part in bond formation to:

A)form polypeptides
B)attain a stable electron configuration
C)increase their charge density
D)increase their energy

Question 16

The atomic nucleus consists of:

A)cations and anions
B)protons, electrons and neutrons
C)protons and neutrons
D)solutes and colloids

Question 17

When proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains,the arrangement of these chains is referred to as the:

A)primary structure
B)secondary structure
C)tertiary structure
D)quaternary structure

Question 18

Which one of the following pairs is matched correctly?

A)carbon-organic compounds
B)glucose- hydrogen bonds
C)ions-covalent bonds
D)phosphate-enzyme

Question 19

Molecules that contain mixtures of different elements are called _____.

A)isotopes
B)atoms
C)ions
D)compounds

Question 20

The smallest particle of matter that can take part in chemical reactions is:

A)glucose
B)compound
C)neutron
D)atom

Question 21

Which is a false statement about water?

A)Water molecules are polar.
B)Water has a high specific heat because of the extensive covalent bonding between molecules.
C)Hydrogen atoms in water form dipoles with a partial positive charge.
D)Water's polarity allows for many ionic compounds to be dissolved in it.

Question 22

Polysaccharides:

A)include ribose, fructose and glucose.
B)include cholesterol and vitamin D.
C)are monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds.
D)are found only in eukaryotic cells.

Question 23

The pH scale is used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.Which of the following statements is true?

A)Stomach acid has a pH around 10.
B)Neutral solutions, like water, have a pH of 10.
C)A solution with a pH of 12 has 10 times less protons than a solution with a pH of 11.
D)A strong base will have a pH less than 10.

Question 24

What is true about oxidation?

A)The more oxidized a molecule, the less energy it contains.
B)Oxidation is the removal of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen or electrons to a substance.
C)Gasoline represents the extreme of energy-rich oxidized compounds.
D)Oxidation reactions only occur in polar compounds.

Question 25

What is true about atomic weight?

A)It is the sum of the number of electrons and protons in an atom.
B)The higher the atomic weight the more likely an atom will form a chemical bond.
C)It is always a whole number.
D)Atoms of a particular element that have different atomic weights are called isotopes.

Question 26

Glucose:

A)is abundant in milk and fruit
B)is a rare monosaccharide
C)is never produced within cells
D)none of the above

Question 27

Food consists of molecules with lots of energy stored in their chemical bonds. What is true about how microorganisms use nutrients?

A)When microorganisms break the chemical bonds in nutrients, they release energy.
B)It takes microorganisms more energy to break the bonds in nutrients than are released.
C)All energy that microorganisms receive from nutrients comes from anabolism.
D)Microorganisms break down hydrogen bonds to release electrons as energy.

Question 28

Which is a FALSE statement about chemical reactions?

A)Catabolic reactions are exergonic and release energy.
B)Polymerization and the building up of large molecules is a catabolic reaction.
C)Anabolic reactions require energy.
D)Energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds.

Question 29

Carbohydrates:

A)are hydrophobic.
B)have a four ring structure.
C)are used primarily for energy and cellular structures.
D)have primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.

Question 30

Solutions made up of molecules that are not chemically bonded and are not limited to specific proportions are called:

A)mixtures
B)elements
C)chemical compounds
D)polar compounds

Question 31

Disaccharides,such as sucrose and lactose,are formed from:

A)two monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic bond.
B)chains of two amino acids.
C)long chain of carbon atoms and a carboxyl group at one end of chain.
D)three fatty acids combined with glycerol.

Question 32

When glucose is dissolved in water,the water is the ________ and the glucose is the ________.

A)solvent, solute
B)solvent, solution
C)solute, solvent
D)solute, solution

Question 33

Which statement is true for radioisotopes?

A)Radioisotopes have unstable nuclei that emit subatomic particles and radiation.
B)All radioisotopes have gained electrons.
C)Radioisotopes are useful to guard against radioactive elements.
D)Radioisotopes contain particles too large to form true solutions.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a colloid?

A)salt water
B)gelatin desserts
C)agar plates used to grow microorganisms
D)fluid in cells

Question 35

In salt,a sodium atom loses an electron to a chlorine atom.What is true about the chloride ion found in salt?

A)It has one less electron than proton.
B)It is less chemically stable than a chlorine atom.
C)It is an anion.
D)It is in a covalent bond.

Question 36

Which of the following statements about solutions is FALSE?

A)The solute is the substance dissolved in a solvent.
B)Left alone on a counter, a solution will separate out.
C)Solutes can consist of atoms, ions or molecules.
D)In cells, water is typically a solvent.

Question 37

Ketones,alcohols,aldehydes and organic acids are four of the organic compounds found in all living cells.What do these four classes of organic compounds share?

A)They contain the same atoms but differ in structure.
B)They are chains of carbon atoms with functional groups that contain oxygen.
C)They are all fully oxidized.
D)They can only be synthesized inside a cell.

Question 38

Which statement about acids and bases is FALSE?

A)A hydrogen ion (H⁺)is a proton.
B)Acids are proton acceptors.
C)Bases are proton acceptors
D)A hydroxyl ion donor is also a proton acceptor

Question 39

Fatty acids that are _________ have ___________ .

A)saturated; lost their secondary structure
B)unsaturated, a double bond between two carbons that have lost hydrogen atoms
C)saturated, one or more double bonds
D)denatured, all the hydrogen it can.

Question 40

Water plays an important role in the chemical reactions in cells,including:

A)denaturing proteins
B)stabilizing the primary structure of a protein
C)forming covalent bonds with proteins
D)breaking down large proteins into amino acids in hydrolysis reactions

Question 41

Which of the following pH values would indicate the weakest acid?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 42

The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as its:

A)primary structure
B)secondary structure
C)tertiary structure
D)quaternary structure

Question 43

Anabolic reactions tend to:

A)use energy and break chemical bonds.
B)produce energy, and break chemical bonds.
C)produce energy and new chemical bonds.
D)use energy and produce new chemical bonds.

Question 44

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are:

A)elements
B)isotopes
C)isomers
D)anions

Question 45

Which of the following is a three carbon sugar alcohol?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 46

Which of the following has the fewest hydrogen ions?

A)Stomach hydrochloric acid
B)Urine
C)Ocean water
D)Household ammonia

Question 47

How many electrons are in the second shell of the chlorine atom?

A)two
B)four
C)eight
D)ten

Question 48

When pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms,the result is a/an _______ bond.

A)ionic
B)covalent
C)hydrogen
D)carbonic

Question 49

Which of the following has the fewest hydroxyl ions?

A)Oven cleaner
B)Household bleach
C)Saliva
D)Vinegar

Question 50

In DNA,the nucleotide cytosine always base pairs to:

A)adenine
B)guanine
C)thymine
D)uracil

Question 51

Chemical bonds found in living organisms do not normally include:

A)ionic bonds
B)hydrogen bonds
C)covalent bonds
D)magnetic bonds

Question 52

Chemical bonds usually form between atoms through the interaction of:

A)protons
B)neutrons
C)electrons
D)isotopes

Question 53

Reactions in which molecules are degraded and energy is released are best termed _____.

A)anabolic
B)catabolic
C)metabolic
D)exerbolic

Question 54

Atoms are most likely to form ions when they have:

A)an even number of electrons in their outer shells
B)a nearly empty outer shell
C)an odd number of electrons in their outer shells
D)four electrons in their outer shells

Question 55

How many electrons are in the first shell of the sodium atom?

A)one
B)two
C)four
D)six

Question 56

Amino acids in a protein are joined together by _____.

A)peptide bonds
B)hydrogen bonds
C)phosphodiester bonds
D)tertiary bonds

Question 57

Chemical reactions that require energy are best termed _____.

A)catabolic
B)anabolic
C)exergonic
D)endergonic

Question 58

Phospholipids:

A)have a charged phosphate group that can mix with water and insoluble fatty acids.
B)can serve as hormones.
C)always remain liquid at room temperature.
D)form straight chains in water.

Question 59

Carbohydrates do not include which of the following?

A)Glucose
B)Starch
C)Cellulose
D)Sterols

Question 60

Hydrogen bonds are generally:

A)stronger than covalent bonds
B)stronger than ionic bonds but weaker than covalent bonds
C)present in large numbers
D)found in non-polar compounds

Question 61

Energy is an important chemical currency. How does energy affect electrons in the atom? What is the role of energy in a chemical bond? Name two complex organic molecules that are used by cells for energy.How does the cell release this energy?

Question 62

Describe the chemical composition,type/structure and function for the following complex organic molecules: carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,DNA and RNA

Question 63

Describe the formation and importance of a hydrogen bond. Why is water the universal dissolving medium (e.g.,solvent)of life? Name two roles water plays in cells.