Deck 8: Gene Transfer and Genetic Engineering

Question 1

A phage is:

A)a virus which can infect bacteria
B)a virus which can infect humans
C)a small bacterial cell which needs to live inside another cell
D)a virus that shares its DNA with its host cell

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The genetic information needed for a cell to participate in conjugation resides in the DNA of a cell's _____.

A)bacterial chromosome
B)F plasmid
C)F pilus
D)mitochondria

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The transfer of DNA between bacterial cells by a virus is:

A)transformation
B)transduction
C)transferration
D)conjugation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following happens earliest in a typical bacteriophage lytic cycle?

A)Phage inserts its DNA into the host cell
B)Phage DNA is inserted into the bacterial chromosome
C)Bacterial cell lyses
D)Viral DNA and proteins are produced by the host cell

Question 5

A bacterium that is transformed:

A)cannot form a conjugation pilus
B)has acquired naked DNA from the environment
C)will probably die within 48 hours
D)if injected, it always will result in the death of a mouse

Question 6

In an experiment such as Griffith's pneumococcal experiment which of the following,when injected into a mouse,would result in its death?

A)Heat-killed, smooth pneumoccocci
B)Live, rough pneumococci
C)A mixture of heat killed smooth pneumococci and live rough pneumococci
D)A mixture of heat killed rough pneumococci and live rough pneumococci

Question 7

In Griffith's experiments,the "transforming substance" was _____.

A)RNA
B)Protein
C)Polysaccharides
D)DNA

Question 8

Competence refers to a bacterium's ability to _____.

A)synthesize a protein from another species gene that has been engineered
B)undergo conjunction with an F⁺ cell
C)take up DNA fragments
D)be infected by a phage

Question 9

"Specialized" transduction refers to the fact that:

A)it only happens at specific times in the cell cycle
B)only specific bacteria take part as hosts
C)only a few specific genes are transferred
D)only specific viruses take part in the process

Question 10

During the process of lysogeny:

A)a phage integrates into the chromosome of the bacterium
B)a bacterium takes up DNA from the media
C)new phage particles are assembled in the host bacterium
D)a bacterium is split open to release new phage particles

Question 11

In specialized transduction the bacterial genes transduced tend to be:

A)those genes in greatest use by the bacteria
B)those genes that are currently not being transcribed
C)those genes that are located close to the site of the prophage insertion
D)those genes that are small enough to fit in the viral head

Question 12

A viral cycle,which ends with the rupture of the cell and release of new viral particles,is the:

A)temperate cycle
B)lytic cycle
C)lysogenic cycle
D)prophage cycle

Question 13

When genes are passed on from parent to offspring,which of the following events has taken place?

A)horizontal gene transfer
B)transduction
C)vertical gene transfer
D)retrograde gene transfer

Question 14

A virus which incorporates its DNA into the DNA of its host organism is existing as a _____.

A)virulent phage
B)prophage
C)lytic phage
D)none of the above

Question 15

Bacterial conjugation is an example of _____.

A)transduction
B)vertical gene transfer
C)horizontal gene transfer
D)bacterial transformation

Question 16

Which of the following processes increases variation seen in bacteria?

A)Transformation
B)Conjugation
C)Transduction
D)all of the above

Question 17

In Griffith's transformation experiments,which of the following did not take place?

A)Live, capsulated pneumococci killed mice
B)Live unencapsulated bacteria were able to retrieve the DNA from dead encapsulated bacteria and become virulent
C)DNA was transferred from capsulated to unencapsulated bacteria using a bacteriophage
D)Dead, capsulated pneumococci had no effect on mice

Question 18

A lytic viral cycle is usually the result of infection by a:

A)prophage
B)virulent phage
C)temperate phage
D)antiphage

Question 19

In horizontal gene transfer:

A)genes are passed between bacteria of different generations
B)genes are passed from mother cells to daughter cells
C)genes are passed between bacteria of the same generation
D)none of the above

Question 20

Which of the following processes requires contact between donor and recipient cells?

A)transduction
B)transcription
C)conjugation
D)transformation

Question 21

Bacteriocins:

A)are resistance molecules found on plasmids
B)are inhibited by UV exposure
C)are growth-inhibiting proteins that inhibit strains closely related to the producer
D)only exist in eukaryotic organisms

Question 22

Plasmids can do which of the following?

A)Direct synthesis of conjugation pili
B)Provide resistance to certain antibiotics
C)Induce the formation of tumors in plants
D)All of the above are functions of various plasmids

Question 23

In a culture containing both F⁻ and F⁺ cells,which of the following will occur if we wait long enough?

A)No conjugation will occur
B)The cells will all become genetically identical
C)All F⁻ will become F⁺ cells
D)All F⁺ cells will become F⁻ cells

Question 24

Bacteria that contain recombinant plasmids can be easily isolated because:

A)they are larger than nonrecombinant bacteria
B)they are designed to be resistant to certain antibiotics
C)their colonies will be distinguished by a color variation from those colonies containing nonrecombinant plasmids
D)they are smaller than non-recombinant bacteria

Question 25

When cells conjugate for longer periods of time,which of the following will occur?

A)Fewer genes will be transferred.
B)More genes will be transferred.
C)The same number of genes will be transferred.
D)It is impossible to tell. Conjugation time and number of genes transferred are not related.

Question 26

High frequency recombination cells arise when:

A)they have multiple F plasmids
B)a portion of the cell's F plasmid has been incorporated into the bacterial chromosome
C)conjugation and transformation happen at the same time
D)Bacterial chromosomes do not break during conjugation

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true?

A)High frequency recombination depends on a cell having multiple F plasmids.
B)Promiscuous plasmids can only be transferred between the same species.
C)Cells containing an F´ plasmid have multiple copies of some genes.
D)An F pilus is needed for bacterial transformation.

Question 28

A transgenic organism:

A)contains DNA from two different species of organisms
B)contains a plasmid
C)is resistant to viral infection
D)contains DNA which allows it transfer plasmids from its cells to other cells

Question 29

The process of conjugation in bacteria requires that:

A)two types of viruses be present
B)the bacteria be deprived of nutrients
C)there be naked DNA in the environment
D)there be contact between donor and recipient cells

Question 30

DNA can be cut at specific sites by using _____.

A)ligases
B)restriction enzymes
C)antibiotics
D)plasmids

Question 31

DNA from an organism can be incorporated into a vector using the enzyme _____.

A)DNA polymerase
B)RNA polymerase
C)DNA ligase
D)restriction endonuclease

Question 32

Plasmids which contain genes for the formation of an F pilus and can transfer into different species are called:

A)transferable
B)promiscuous
C)competent
D)lytic

Question 33

When conjugation occurs between a Hfr donor and a F⁻ recipient,which of the following describes the outcome?

A)F⁺ cells
B)F⁻ cells with some quantity of chromosomal DNA
C)F⁻ cells with no chromosomal DNA
D)F' cells with some duplicate gene pairs

Question 34

A ________ is a genetic sequence able to move from one location in a chromosome to another.

A)plasmid
B)F factor
C)transposon
D)R factor

Question 35

F' (prime)plasmids:

A)are responsible for high frequency recombination
B)carry some chromosomal genes
C)are those plasmids that have never been incorporated into a bacterial chromosome
D)none of the above

Question 36

Removing the cell walls from two different strains of organisms and then allowing the membrane bound cells to combine with one another best describes:

A)genetic fusion
B)protoplast fusion
C)cell fusion
D)DNA fusion

Question 37

Transposons are of particular significance because they _____.

A)come in pairs and often are associated with viruses
B)regulate gene transcription in bacteria
C)can be inserted using a gene gun
D)can insert either between genes or in genes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 38

Natural selection:

A)acts on alleles already present in the population
B)explains how antibiotic resistance can be maintained in a population
C)doesn't consider competition between strains
D)two of the above

Question 39

The Ti plasmid is known primarily for its ability to:

A)direct synthesis of conjugation pili
B)provide resistance to certain antibiotics
C)induce the formation of tumors in plants
D)two of the above

Question 40

A typical transposon is flanked by:

A)resistance factors
B)inverted repeat terminals
C)RTF genes
D)repressor sites

Question 41

Which of the following may contribute to resistant strains of bacteria?

A)A
B)B
C)Both A and B are correct
D)Neither A nor B are correct

Question 42

Describe the experiments of Griffith that led to the discovery of transformation. How could one design an experiment to demonstrate that transformation was due to the transfer of DNA?

Question 43

A relative is upset about genetically modified organisms being in food that she might eat. How are transgenic organisms different from organisms that undergo recombination events in nature? How do you feel about transgenic organisms? Do you feel the same about organisms used for laboratory research as those that are crops? How about transgenic organisms used to manufacture medical treatments or pets? Explain all of your opinions with scientific arguments or evidence.

Question 44

In 1981 a review of safety concerns concerning recombinant DNA research found that:

A)mutants of E. coli require special sanitization practices
B)laboratory workers could become easily infected with the strain of E. coli normally used in lab experiments
C)no illnesses could be traced to laboratory researchers working with recombinants
D)two of the above are true

Question 45

Toxin from which of the following bacteria is used as an insecticide?

A)E. coli
B)B. thuringiensis
C)P. fluorescens
D)P. mirablis

Question 46

Gene therapy would describe which of the following scenarios?

A)Bacteria which produce human growth hormone
B)A DNA comparison in a paternity case
C)Yeast which has been genetically engineered to produce plastic from starch
D)Replacing a defective gene in human cells

Question 47

Restriction enzymes come from _____.

A)fungal cells
B)viruses
C)bacterial cells
D)animal cells

Question 48

This illustration represents:

A)conjugation or transformation
B)transduction or mutation
C)genetic fusion
D)protoplast fusion or gene amplification

Question 49

Hybridomas:

A)are responsible for tumor formation in plants
B)are resistant to monoclonal antibodies
C)divide and grow for only a short period of time
D)are the fusion of antibody producing plasma cell and a cancer cell

Question 50

RFLP's are the result of _____.

A)treating cells with enzymes that remove their cell walls
B)fusing two cells together
C)genes being transferred by a virus
D)cutting DNA with restriction enzymes

Question 51

Without restriction endonucleases,it would be impossible to _____.

A)insert plasmids into bacteria
B)bring about muations in bacteria
C)replicate DNA in a recombinant cell
D)cut the DNA of plasmids

Question 52

Hybridomas are used to produce large quantities of _____.

A)restriction enzymes
B)monoclonal antibodies
C)antibiotics
D)natural insecticides

Question 53

Gene amplification:

A)allows transposition of genes from one location on a chromosome to another
B)occurs when recombinant plasmids are induced to reproduce within cells at a rapid rate
C)allows material from one strain to recombine with that from another strain
D)complicate our ability to increase antibiotic production

Question 54

Recombinant bacteria have been used to produce _____.

A)human growth hormone
B)vaccines
C)insulin
D)all of the above

Question 55

Electroporation is a technique that is used to _____.

A)kill bacteria
B)make bacteria competent
C)increase conjugation among bacteria
D)decrease the pathogenicity of bacteria

Question 56

This cell is the result of fusing a:

A)cancer cell and a plasma cell.
B)virus and a bacterium
C)cancer cell and a virus
D)plasma cell and a virus

Question 57

Soil bacteria are incredibly resistant to multiple antibiotics,presumably as a response to competition from bacteria that produce antibiotics. What are three ways that these antibiotic resistant genes could move from soil bacteria species to other species of bacteria? Briefly describe each gene transfer process.Name one or more factors that would affect the likelihood of this transfer occurring.