Deck 11: The Blood

Question 1

____ are the most abundant type of cellular element in the blood.

A)Erythrocytes
B)Neutrophils
C)Leukocytes
D)Lymphocytes
E)Platelets

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Erythrocytes

A)do not contain DNA
B)produce ATP via glycolysis
C)do not use the O₂ they transport
D)do not have mitochondria
E)have all of the above characteristics

Answer 2

E

Question 3

f the hematocrit is 40, then the volume occupied by the

A)red blood cells is 60 percent of the total blood volume
B)white blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume
C)red blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume
D)plasma and other cellular elements is 40 percent of the total blood volume
E)red blood cells is 40 percent of the total blood volume, and by the white blood cells is 60 percent of the total blood volume

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The amount of blood in the human body is about ____ liters.

A)2
B)5
C)10
D)12
E)15

Question 5

What advantage does the biconcavity of the erythrocyte impart on the cell?

A)It increases the overall surface area.
B)It increases the flexibility of the cell.
C)It prevents toxins from entering the cell.
D)All of the above
E)None of the above

Question 6

Which organ removes most of the worn-out red blood cells from the circulation?

A)bone marrow
B)kidney
C)large intestine
D)pancreas
E)spleen

Question 7

Antibodies are

A)a type of globin protein
B)classified as alpha globulins
C)produced by B lymphocytes
D)all of the above
E)both b and c

Question 8

Blood is comprised of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix comprised primarily of water.What is the name of the blood's extracellular matrix?

A)hematocrit
B)fibrinogen
C)buffy coat
D)plasma
E)none of these

Question 9

The first indication of a high degree of erythropoiesis is when reticulocytes make up more than ____ percent of the circulating red blood cells.

A)0.3
B)0.5
C)1.0
D)1.5
E)1.9

Question 10

Carbonic anhydrase is important for

A)CO₂ transport in blood
B)conversion of CO₂ into bicarbonate ion
C)production of NO
D)both a and b
E)both a and c

Question 11

The buffy coat represents < 1% of the whole blood and is comprised of

A)erythrocytes and platelets
B)leukocytes and platelets
C)leukocytes and clotting factors
D)platelets and clotting factors
E)clotting factors and albumins

Question 12

Plasma albumins primarily

A)contribute to the clotting process
B)function in the body's defense
C)maintain the blood's osmotic pressure
D)transport certain proteins in the blood
E)transport iron in the blood

Question 13

Albumin belongs to the group of ____ in the blood plasma.

A)hormones
B)electrolytes
C)proteins
D)gases (O₂, CO₂, N2)
E)red blood cells

Question 14

Which is not found within erythrocytes?

A)carbonic anhydrase
B)glycolytic enzymes
C)hemoglobin
D)mitochondria
E)bicarbonate ions

Question 15

The red cell count is normally about ____ million cells per cubic millimeter.

A)2
B)5
C)10
D)15
E)20

Question 16

Why is the biconcavity of the erythrocyte important?

A)It prevents osmolarity changes.
B)It increases the rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
C)It provides additional surface area for endocytosis.
D)It enhances the diffusion of oxygen into the erythrocyte for cellular respiration.
E)It inhibits the influx of toxic materials into the cell.

Question 17

Which plasma globulins are the antibodies?

A)Alpha
B)Beta
C)Gamma
D)Delta
E)Sigma

Question 18

Erythrocytes

A)secrete fibrinogen needed for clotting
B)secrete plasminogen that is converted to plasmin and dissolves a clot
C)engulf iron to make hemoglobin
D)possess a chemical for holding oxygen and CO₂
E)have characteristics a and d

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning erythrocytes is incorrect?

A)They do not contain any organelles.
B)They may take on many different shapes.
C)They originate from the same pluripotent stem cells as leukocytes and platelets.
D)They are unable to utilize the O₂ they contain for their own ATP formation.
E)They only live about five days.

Question 20

Which statement is incorrect?

A)Plasma proteins are responsible for the blood colloid osmotic pressure.
B)Plasma proteins provide a source of readily available amino acids to be utilized by the tissue cells for the synthesis of new tissue proteins.
C)Antibodies are gamma globulins important in the body's defense mechanism.
D)Plasma proteins play a role in buffering changes in pH in the body fluids.
E)The presence of plasma proteins in the blood is the primary factor responsible for preventing excessive loss of plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.

Question 21

In addition to transporting oxygen, hemoglobin transports

A)some carbon dioxide
B)nitric oxide
C)buffered hydrogen ions
D)carbon monoxide
E)all of the above

Question 22

Erythropoiesis

A)is accomplished in the bone marrow upon stimulation by erythropoietin
B)is accomplished in the kidneys in response to reduced O₂ delivery to the kidneys
C)refers to increased RBC count
D)refers to RBC destruction
E)is both a and c

Question 23

Which statement about iron is incorrect?

A)It is found in the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule.
B)It is converted into bilirubin upon erythrocyte degradation.
C)It readily combines reversibly with O₂.
D)Its deficiency in the diet can lead to anemia.
E)Its deficiency may be due to inadequately absorption from the digestive tract.

Question 24

Pernicious anemia develops from a deficiency of

A)ATP
B)carbonic anhydrase
C)cobalt
D)erythropoietin
E)intrinsic factor

Question 25

Anemia results from a reduced O₂-carrying capacity of the blood, which can be caused by a decrease in the number of

A)leukocytes
B)lymphocytes
C)macrophages
D)erythrocytes
E)monocytes

Question 26

Hemoglobin

A)is found in the nuclei of red blood cells
B)contains carbonic anhydrase
C)can combine with O₂, CO₂, H+, NO, and CO
D)has all of the above characteristics
E)has characteristics b and c

Question 27

Which of the following is not a possible cause of anemia?

A)living at high altitudes
B)deficiency of intrinsic factor
C)malaria
D)carbon monoxide poisoning
E)blood doping

Question 28

White blood cells

A)are the most abundant type of blood cell
B)do not have nuclei
C)are actually only cell fragments
D)defend the body against foreign invasion
E)are found only in the blood

Question 29

Erythropoietin

A)is secreted by the bone marrow
B)stimulates red blood cell production
C)converts prothrombin to thrombin
D)is deficient in pernicious anemia
E)has characteristics b and d

Question 30

Iron

A)can combine reversibly with O₂
B)deficiency can produce anemia
C)is converted into bilirubin and secreted into the bile when an old red blood cell ruptures and is degraded
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has characteristics a and c

Question 31

Hemoglobin

A)consists of a protein made up of four highly folded polypeptide chains and four iron-containing nonprotein, nitrogenous groups
B)appears reddish when combined with O₂ and bluish when deoxygenated
C)can combine only with O₂
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has characteristics a and c

Question 32

If 24 packed volume units of cells are separated from 36 volume units of plasma from a blood sample, the hematocrit is ____ percent.

A)24
B)36
C)40
D)48
E)67

Question 33

The stimulus for increased erythropoiesis secretion is

A)low oxygen levels in the bone marrow
B)low oxygen levels in the kidney
C)a hormone produced by the bone marrow
D)a hormone produced by the liver
E)none of the above

Question 34

The component that occupies the greatest percent of whole blood's total volume is

A)platelets
B)lymphocytes
C)plasma
D)erythrocytes
E)neutrophils

Question 35

What form of polycythemia occurs when an individual lives in a high altitude environment?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)relative
E)None of the above

Question 36

Which type of anemia is caused by a genetic abnormality?

A)pernicious
B)hemorrhagic
C)sickle-cell
D)nutritional
E)iron-deficient

Question 37

The hormone controlling erythropoiesis is produced in the

A)pancreas
B)brain
C)heart
D)kidney
E)intestine

Question 38

Which of these conditions would increase the rate of erythropoiesis?

A)Low oxygen environments, such as at high altitudes
B)Increased physical activity
C)Loss of blood
D)Increased hormone secretion from kidneys
E)All of the above

Question 39

Which of the following is not a function of white blood cells?

A)activation of factor XII, which triggers the clotting cascade
B)production of antibodies
C)destruction of cancer cells
D)phagocytosis of foreign invaders
E)phagocytosis of cellular debris

Question 40

In aplastic anemia, there is

A)insufficient hemoglobin formation due to iron deficiency
B)an acute loss of blood
C)destruction of bone marrow due to toxic chemicals or radiation
D)inadequate intrinsic factor, which is essential for absorption of vitamin B12
E)increased fragility of the erythrocyte cell membrane

Question 41

Which is not a step in hemostasis?

A)vascular spasm
B)platelet aggregation
C)coagulation
D)thrombopoietin activation
E)fibrinogen activation

Question 42

The least abundant type of polymorphonuclear components in the blood is

A)macrophages
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)lymphocytes
E)thrombocytes

Question 43

Lymphocytes are

A)polymorphonuclear granulocytes
B)the most abundant type of leukocyte
C)produced in lymphoid organs as well as in the bone marrow
D)both a and b
E)all of the above

Question 44

Platelets

A)are small cell fragments derived from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
B)lack nuclei
C)contain high concentrations of actin and myosin, which enable them to contract
D)have all of the above characteristics
E)have only characteristics a and b

Question 45

The second most abundant agranular leukocyte is the

A)basophil
B)eosinophil
C)lymphocyte
D)monocyte
E)neutrophil

Question 46

The tissue phagocytes called macrophages are derived from

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)lymphocytes
E)monocytes

Question 47

Which leukocyte contains histamine in its granules?

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)lymphocytes
E)monocytes

Question 48

Select the platelet count per cubic millimeter that is within the normal range.

A)100,000
B)130,000
C)200,000
D)600,000
E)800,000

Question 49

Which statement about platelets is incorrect?

A)They are produced in the bone marrow.
B)They form the meshwork of a blood clot in which other cellular elements become entrapped.
C)They form a plug when they adhere to the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel.
D)When aggregated, they release thromboxane A2 that promotes secretion of ADP.
E)When aggregated, they release ADP, which causes the surface of nearby circulating platelets to become sticky so that they also adhere to the enlarging platelet plug.

Question 50

Granulocytes include

A)lymphocytes
B)eosinophils
C)monocytes
D)thrombocytes
E)both a and b

Question 51

Basophils

A)contain granules that preferentially take up a basic blue dye
B)leave the blood to become macrophages
C)synthesize and store histamine and heparin
D)have characteristics a and b
E)have characteristics a and c

Question 52

Neutrophilia frequently accompanies

A)bacterial infections
B)viral infections
C)parasitic infestations
D)allergic conditions
E)all of the above

Question 53

Which cellular element has the lowest count in the blood?

A)platelets
B)neutrophils
C)erythrocytes
D)basophils
E)eosinophils

Question 54

Which of the following can occur with leukemia?

A)Inadequate defense against foreign invasion despite an excessive number of white blood cells
B)Anemia
C)Internal bleeding
D)Lower production of thrombocytes
E)All of the above

Question 55

An increase in the circulating number of ____ is associated with parasite infestations.

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)lymphocytes
E)monocytes

Question 56

Neutrophils

A)are the most abundant type of mononuclear leukocyte
B)attach to a parasitic worm and secrete substances that kill it
C)increase in numbers in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
D)are similar structurally to mast cells
E)have characteristics a and c

Question 57

____ leave the blood after circulating for only a day or two and become the large-tissue phagocytes known as macrophages.

A)Neutrophils
B)Eosinophils
C)Basophils
D)Lymphocytes
E)Monocytes

Question 58

Myeloid stem cells give rise to all leukocytes except

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)lymphocytes
E)monocytes

Question 59

Which statement about erythrocytes is incorrect?

A)They display membrane-bound antibodies that determines a person's blood type.
B)They use glycolysis as their source of ATP.
C)They are derived from nucleated cells.
D)They do not perform phagocytosis.
E)They are derived from cells that also give rise to white blood cells.

Question 60

Which leukocyte is implicated in certain allergic reactions and attacks internal parasites such as worms?

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)lymphocytes
E)monocytes

Question 61

Which of the following is not a function of thrombin?

A)stimulates conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
B)activates tissue thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway
C)activates factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor)
D)enhances platelet aggregation
E)acts in positive-feedback fashion to facilitate its own formation

Question 62

Which is the correct sequence of events leading to clot formation?

A)prothrombin-thrombin-fibrin-fibrinogen
B)fibrin-prothrombin-fibrinogen-thrombin
C)prothrombin-thrombin-fibrinogen-fibrin
D)fibrin-thrombin-prothrombin-fibrinogen
E)fibrinogen-thrombin-fibrin-prothrombin

Question 63

Identify all incorrect statements.

A)Neutrophils and macrophages are highly phagocytic.
B)Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular.
C)Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are polymorphonuclear cells.
D)All leukocytes are derived from myeloid stem cells.
E)None of the statements are incorrect.

Question 64

Since fibrinogen is always present in the blood but the blood does not clot, ____ must normally be absent.

A)prothrombin
B)thrombin
C)calcium
D)red blood cells
E)platelets

Question 65

What chemical signal released by healthy endothelial tissue prevents overgrowth of platelet plugs?

A)ATP
B)fibrinogen
C)prostacyclin
D)thromboxane
E)thrombopoietin

Question 66

Platelets trapped within the fibrous meshwork of the clot

A)release plasmin
B)release prostacyclin
C)retract the clot
D)inactivate thrombin
E)do none of the above

Question 67

In the last step of blood coagulation,

A)fibrin is converted to fibrinogen
B)fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
C)platelet factor enters numerous reactions
D)prothrombin is converted to thrombin
E)thrombin is converted to prothrombin

Question 68

Tissue thromboplastin

A)is released from traumatized tissue and triggers the extrinsic clotting pathway
B)converts fibrinogen to fibrin
C)forms the meshwork of the clot
D)activates factor XII (Hageman factor)
E)does all of the above

Question 69

Clots are slowly dissolved by

A)tissue thromboplastin
B)prostacyclin
C)plasmin
D)calcium
E)plasminogen

Question 70

Platelet aggregation is reinforced by what signal?

A)ADP
B)fibrinogen
C)thromboxane
D)prostacyclin
E)thrombopoietin

Question 71

When small blood vessels are damaged, loss of blood is prevented by

A)platelet aggregation
B)vasoconstriction of these vessels
C)formation of a platelet plug
D)all of the above
E)only a and c

Question 72

What forms the meshwork of a clot?

A)red blood cells
B)fibrin
C)platelets
D)thrombin
E)Hageman factor

Question 73

Platelets are normally attracted to a

A)collection of white blood cells
B)disrupted surface of a blood vessel
C)smooth surface
D)source of ATP production
E)surface where the blood meets the air

Question 74

Exposed collagen in a damaged vessel

A)activates factor XII to initiate blood clotting
B)initiates platelet aggregation
C)secretes ADP, which causes platelets to become sticky
D)causes a and b
E)causes a and c

Question 75

Select the incorrect statement about heparin.

A)It is normally present in the body.
B)It is present in basophils.
C)It is present in mast cells.
D)It is used in blood samples.
E)It stimulates the coagulation of blood.

Question 76

The extrinsic clotting pathway

A)is initiated by platelet factor
B)is primarily responsible for clotting in tissues
C)has more steps than the intrinsic pathway
D)is set off when Hageman factor comes into contact with collagen in an injured vessel
E)has none of the above characteristics

Question 77

Which of the following lacks DNA?

A)platelets
B)erythrocytes
C)agranular leukocytes
D)Both a and b
E)Both b and c

Question 78

Prostacyclin

A)activates the clotting cascade
B)induces vasoconstriction of an injured vessel
C)inhibits platelet aggregation
D)is released by aggregated platelets
E)dissolves the clot

Question 79

The chemical signal that makes platelets sticky upon aggregation is

A)ADP
B)ATP
C)prostacyclin
D)thromboxane
E)thrombopoietin

Question 80

Which is not a required factor in the intrinsic clotting mechanism?

A)calcium ions
B)factor XII
C)platelet factor 3
D)factor VII
E)factor XI