Deck 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Question 1

Which of the following is a mechanistic explanation of a physiological phenomenon?

A)You breathe to obtain oxygen.
B)You sweat to cool off.
C)Your stomach secretes digestive juices when stimulated by the nervous system.
D)Your heart beats to pump blood.
E)Your kidneys produce urine so that cellular wastes do not poison your body.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The respiratory system

A)obtains O₂ from and eliminates CO₂ to the internal environment
B)includes the heart and lungs
C)helps regulate the pH of the internal environment by removing acid-forming CO₂ from the blood
D)performs all of the functions listed above
E)obtains O₂ from and eliminates CO₂ to the internal environment and helps regulate the pH of the internal environment by removing acid-forming CO₂ from the blood

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Select the incorrect statement about connective tissue.

A)Bone is an example.
B)Blood is an example.
C)Elastin may be found in the extracellular material.
D)It has tightly-packed cells.
E)It is a primary tissue type.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Evaporation of sweat cooling the body is an example of

A)negative feedback
B)positive feedback
C)a feedforward mechanism
D)an intrinsic (local) control mechanism
E)autoregulation

Question 5

Nutrients and oxygen are distributed through the body mainly by the ____ system.

A)circulatory
B)digestive
C)endocrine
D)integumentary
E)skeletal

Question 6

The influence of oxytocin on the uterus during childbirth and the subsequent effect of uterine stretch on the release of oxytocin is an example of

A)negative feedback
B)positive feedback
C)extrinsic control
D)negative feedback and extrinsic control
E)none of these

Question 7

Which sequence represents a correct hierarchy of biological organization in a human, from smaller to larger?

A)chemical, organ, tissue, system, organism
B)cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
C)tissue, cell, system, organism, organ
D)organ, tissue, cell, organism, system
E)system, cell, organ, organism, tissue

Question 8

Which of the following is least related to connective tissue?

A)gland
B)bone
C)blood
D)tendon
E)elastin

Question 9

Which of the following statements about negative feedback is incorrect?

A)It exists when a change in a regulated variable triggers a response that opposes the change.
B)It exists when the input to a system increases the output and the output inhibits the input.
C)The control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.
D)It is the method by which most of the body's control mechanisms operate.
E)It helps maintain the body's dynamic, steady state.

Question 10

Sweat glands consist of specialized ______ cells.

A)connective
B)endocrine
C)epithelial
D)muscle
E)nervous

Question 11

Identify the characteristics associated with endocrine glands.

A)lack ducts
B)secrete chemicals directly into the blood
C)derived from epithelial tissue
D)include the parathyroids
E)all of these

Question 12

Which of the following body systems is not directed entirely toward maintaining homeostasis?

A)reproductive system
B)endocrine system
C)nervous system
D)muscular system
E)integumentary system

Question 13

The internal environment

A)is not in direct contact with the body's cells
B)consists of the intracellular fluid
C)must be maintained at absolutely unchanging composition, temperature, and volume for survival of the body
D)is in direct contact with the body's cells and consists of the extracellular fluid
E)consists of the intracellular fluid and must be maintained at absolutely unchanging composition, temperature, and volume for survival of the body

Question 14

Extracellular fluid

A)is the internal environment of the body
B)is outside the cells but inside the body
C)consists of the plasma and interstitial fluid
D)exhibits a dynamic steady state in regard to composition, temperature, and volume
E)is described by all of the above statements

Question 15

Select the incorrect association.

A)anatomy/heart structure
B)human body/multicellularity
C)oxygen/cellular waste
D)physiology/stomach function
E)unicellularity/amoeba

Question 16

Calcium is stored mainly in the ____ system.

A)digestive
B)endocrine
C)integumentary
D)muscular
E)skeletal

Question 17

The two major regulatory systems in the body are

A)nervous and respiratory
B)nervous and endocrine
C)endocrine and respiratory
D)endocrine and lymphatic
E)circulatory and endocrine

Question 18

Which of the following is not an example of negative feedback?

A)A low grade on an exam causes a student to study harder for the next exam.
B)A small stone rolls down a hill and starts an avalanche.
C)A person goes to eat in the cafeteria when he/she gets hungry.
D)You change a flat tire so you can continue on a journey in your car.
E)A person's body shivers after the person falls into a cold river.

Question 19

Food in your stomach is in direct contact with ______ tissue.

A)connective
B)epithelial
C)glandular
D)muscle
E)nervous

Question 20

Which of the following does a person not maintain through homeostasis?

A)Concentration of nutrients in the blood
B)Concentration of oxygen around the body
C)Blood pressure
D)Temperature of the brain
E)Posture while sitting in a chair

Question 21

All cells that are not pluripotent can reproduce.

Question 22

A mechanistic explanation of why a person breathes is to obtain oxygen.

Question 23

Enzymes are carbohydrates that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Question 24

The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide transported to it by the blood.

Question 25

The external environment is found outside cells but inside the body.

Question 26

Blood is a type of connective tissue that contains small fibers of elastin protein in the extracellular material called plasma.

Question 27

Highly differentiated tissues such as nervous and cardiac muscle are incapable of reproduction because they are pluripotent.

Question 28

Insulin is a hormone that is secreted into the lumen of the intestine in response to the presence of food.

Question 29

The epidermis that covers the skin is a simple organ.

Question 30

The ability of the brain to maintain optimum blood pressure by speeding up or slowing down the heart is an example of

A)intrinsic control
B)extrinsic control
C)positive feedback
D)Both a and c
E)Both b and c

Question 31

Which of the following is a feedforward phenomenon?

A)Increasing the amount of insulin secreted before nutrients in food enter the blood.
B)Shivering in response to having cold air around the body.
C)Sweating after being in a sauna for 10 minutes.
D)Eating a doughnut because you are hungry.
E)Jerking your hand away from a hot stove after you touch it.

Question 32

Identify the correct statement(s) about stem cells.

A)They are undifferentiated embryonic cells.
B)They may reproduce many times.
C)Their daughter cells may differentiate into a number of different specialized cell types.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 33

Glands are formed during embryonic development by pockets of epithelial tissue that dip inward from the surface.

Question 34

A non-mechanistic explanation of why a person sweats is to cool off.

Question 35

Cells eliminate carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Question 36

Endocrine glands secrete hormones through ducts into the blood.

Question 37

If a letter in the alphabet is equated to a cell, then which of the following would be most like an organ?

A)two paragraphs
B)a paragraph
C)a word
D)a sentence
E)two sentences

Question 38

The statement "Things are going from bad to worse" would be most closely related to

A)feedforward
B)positive feedback
C)negative feedback
D)homeostasis
E)regulatory control

Question 39

Tissues are composed of two or more types of cells organized to perform a particular function or functions.

Question 40

Factors that are homeostatically regulated are maintained at a constant, fixed level unless disease is present.

Question 41

Exocrine glands are the only structures in the body capable of secretion.

Question 42

With positive feedback, a control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.

Question 43

The endocrine system relies on the circulatory system for the transport of hormones.

Question 44

The concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid influences how water enters and leaves cells.

Question 45

If a pluripotent cell differentiates to become a skin cell, it may revert back to its pluripotent condition and then become a muscle cell.

Question 46

Negative feedback operates to prevent any change in the value of a controlled factor in the body.

Question 47

Secretion in response to appropriate stimulation refers to the release of specific products that have, in large part, been synthesized by the cell.

Question 48

Some activities performed by the muscular and nervous systems are not directed toward maintaining homeostasis.

Question 49

To sustain life, the internal environment must be maintained in an absolutely unchanging state.

Question 50

Feedforward mechanisms bring about a response in reaction to a change in a regulated variable.

Question 51

The simple fact that exercising muscles use more O₂ is an example of negative feedback.

Question 52

The way in which the nervous system affects a person's heart rate is an example of intrinsic control since both the nervous system and the heart are inside the body.

Question 53

Most homeostatic mechanisms operate on the principle of positive feedback.

Question 54

The plasma surrounds and bathes all of the body's cells.

Question 55

A single pluripotent cell without dividing can differentiate into more than one kind of mature body cell.

Question 56

With negative feedback, a control system's output counteracts the input into the system.

Question 57

One organ can belong to more than one body system.

Question 58

The integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems are the only systems involved in regulating body temperature.

Question 59

Positive feedback moves a controlled variable even further away from a steady state.

Question 60

The integumentary system contains specialized organs called sweat glands, which are important in regulating body temperature.

Question 61

The internal environment consists of the ____________________, which is made up of ____________________; the fluid portion of the blood; and ____________________, which surrounds and bathes all cells.

Question 62

The ____________________ system controls and coordinates bodily activities that require swift responses, especially to changes in the external environment.

Question 63

____________________ tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction and force generation.

Question 64

____________________ refers to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.

Question 65

The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life is the ____________________.

Question 66

The ____________________ system consists of all hormone-secreting tissues.

Question 67

____________________ muscle tissue composes the heart.

Question 68

The ____________________ is the liquid part of the blood.

Question 69

____________________ glands secrete through ducts, whereas ____________________ glands secrete directly into the blood.

Question 70

____________________ are composed of two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform a particular function or functions.

Question 71

If after making a bad grade on an exam causes a student to study harder in order to make a better grade on the next exam, the student's response to making the bad grade would be an example of ___________________ feedback.

Question 72

____________________ cells are specialized to send electrical signals.

Question 73

____________________ are the blood vessels where materials are exchanged between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

Question 74

____________________ refers to the abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease.

Question 75

The ____________________ system eliminates waste products other than carbon dioxide and plays a key role in regulating the volume, electrolyte composition, and acidity of the extracellular fluid.

Question 76

The tonsils are part of the ____________________ system.

Question 77

The body cells are in direct contact with, and make life-sustaining exchanges with, the ____________________.

Question 78

____________________ cells are not specialized for a specific function but can divide to give rise to highly specialized cells.

Question 79

A(n) ____________________ is a collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity that is essential for survival of the whole body.

Question 80

The two major control systems of the body are the ____________________ and the ____________________.