Deck 2: Cell Physiology

Question 1

Which statement is true?

A)Mitochondria are primarily sites where anaerobic respiration occurs.
B)Vaults are inclusions in the cytoplasm that transport DNA.
C)Peroxisomes are membranous sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
D)Ribosomes are membranous organelles that synthesize proteins.
E)None of the statements are true.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The SNARE complex provides

A)allows recognition of foreign proteins after they enter a cell
B)a way for a certain enzyme to bind with the correct substrate
C)a means to deliver vesicles to an appropriate site
D)a mechanism necessary for receptor mediated endocytosis to occur
E)all of the functions listed above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Select the structure that is not located in the cytosol of the cell.

A)ER
B)Golgi complex
C)lysosome
D)mitochondrion
E)nucleolus

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which characteristic of the Golgi complex is incorrect?

A)It sorts and directs products to their final destination.
B)It is a membranous organelle surrounded by cytosol.
C)It produces lysosomes.
D)It modifies proteins made at the rough ER.
E)It receives secretory vesicles coming from the ER.

Question 5

A typical human cell is about ____ micrometers in diameter.

A)1 to 2
B)10 to 20
C)80 to 100
D)150 to 200
E)200 to 300

Question 6

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

A)is in direct contact with certain nonmembranous organelles
B)synthesizes lipids for secretion
C)is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells
D)transports proteins to its bound ribosomes
E)exhibits all of the above characteristics

Question 7

Which of the following does not apply to lysosomes?

A)They contain hydrolytic enzymes.
B)They generate hydrogen peroxide.
C)They aid in the breakdown of material that is taken into the cell through endocytosis.
D)When they are abnormal, Tay-Sachs disease may result.
E)They help remove damaged organelles.

Question 8

Which of the following are involved directly in myosin synthesis?

A)RNA
B)actin
C)DNA
D)microfilaments
E)All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is synthesized inside certain cells and is eventually secreted.

A)tRNA
B)clathrin
C)dynamin
D)steroid hormone
E)ATP

Question 10

The form of endocytosis in which whole cells such as bacteria are brought in is

A)exocytosis
B)pinocytosis
C)receptor-mediated endocytosis
D)phagocytosis
E)mitosis

Question 11

Which of the following does not always involve the plasma membrane?

A)endocytosis
B)secretion
C)formation of an endocytic vesicle
D)pinocytosis
E)vesicle formation

Question 12

In a human cell, DNA may be found within

A)the nucleus
B)mitochondria
C)the cytoplasm
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 13

Which statement about the plasma membrane is not true?

A)It serves as a mechanical barrier to hold in the contents of the cell.
B)It selectively controls movement of molecules between the ECF and the cytoplasm.
C)It is the barrier that surrounds the blood vessels and separates the blood plasma from the interstitial fluid.
D)It contains proteins that provides for various membrane functions.
E)It consists mostly of lipids and proteins.

Question 14

Which structure is not associated with the secretion of proteins produced by ER?

A)Golgi complex
B)smooth ER
C)transport vesicles
D)lysosomal membrane
E)plasma membrane

Question 15

Which component below is not always found in a typical human cell?

A)cytosol
B)DNA
C)flagellum
D)plasma membrane
E)water

Question 16

Which of the following is not contained within the cytoplasm?

A)ribosomal subunits
B)cytosol
C)plasma membrane
D)endoplasmic reticulum
E)catalase

Question 17

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A)is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion
B)gives rise to transport vesicles containing newly synthesized molecules wrapped in a layer of smooth ER membrane
C)consists of stacks of relatively flattened sacs called cristae
D)has only a few ribosomes attached to it
E)is a primary site for glycolysis

Question 18

Select the correct statement about a ribosome.

A)It contains DNA.
B)It synthesizes amino acids.
C)It is often functional while attached to a nonmembranous organelle.
D)It contains proteins that are synthesized at other ribosomes.
E)All of the above statements are correct.

Question 19

Which organelle is not membrane-bound?

A)Golgi body
B)lysosome
C)mitochondrion
D)RER
E)ribosome

Question 20

Select the incorrect statement about the smooth ER.

A)It is abundant in most cell types.
B)It is found in liver cells.
C)It specializes in lipid metabolism.
D)In one type of cell, it is called sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E)It does not contain ribosomes.

Question 21

Chemiosmosis

A)releases O₂ onto a water molecule at the end of the ETS
B)pumps H+ ions into the mitochondrial matrix
C)transfers hydrogens from the ETS to NAD+
D)generates GTP, which is then converted into ATP
E)does not perform any of the above functions

Question 22

The complexes within electron transport chains

A)are "circuits" for small amounts of electricity to pass through
B)contain NADH that transports electrons
C)transport H+ into the mitochondrial matrix
D)are responsible for transporting electrons and hydrogen ions
E)perform all of the above functions

Question 23

Cristae are found in the

A)lysosome
B)mitochondrion
C)nucleolus
D)nucleus
E)rough ER

Question 24

Select the incorrect statement about vaults.

A)They may play a role in drug resistance in cancer cells.
B)They are numerous and relatively large organelles.
C)They are specialized transport vesicles within nuclear pores.
D)They may transport ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.
E)They are not visible by ordinary staining techniques.

Question 25

Why do most cells in the body require oxygen molecules?

A)Glucose cannot be broken down without it.
B)It pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part of cellular respiration.
C)The electron transport system must pump it through the inner membrane for chemiosmosis.
D)ATP synthase uses it to add a phosphate ion to ADP in order to make ATP.
E)It pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part of cellular respiration and ATP synthase uses it to add a phosphate ion to ADP in order to make ATP.

Question 26

Which statement regarding the citric acid cycle is incorrect?

A)It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
B)It forms carbon dioxide.
C)It forms two ATP molecules during each turn.
D)Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate react to form citric acid.
E)Each turn forms one molecule of GTP.

Question 27

What might happen if you took in less than optimum amounts of niacin in your diet?

A)Fewer pyruvate molecules would be produced.
B)Available FAD would increase.
C)The number of hydrogen ions pumped through the ETS in a given amount of time would increase.
D)The number of Krebs cycles occurring in a given amount of time would increase.
E)Any of the above might happen.

Question 28

Select the incorrect association.

A)ATP/high-energy bonds
B)electron transport chain/mitochondrion
C)glycolysis/anaerobic
D)glycolysis/cytosol
E)pyruvate/five-carbon molecule

Question 29

Which modified form of pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle?

A)acetyl CoA
B)adenosine diphosphate
C)citric acid
D)oxaloacetic acid
E)pyruvic acid

Question 30

Which of the following is least related to glycolysis?

A)NADH
B)ATP
C)pyruvate
D)CO₂
E)glucose

Question 31

Glycolysis

A)produces citric acid
B)transfers energy to glucose
C)produces more ATP molecules than does one turn of the Krebs cycle
D)traps energy in FADH2
E)does not perform any of the functions listed above

Question 32

Select the incorrect characteristic of mitochondria.

A)They have an inner fluid-filled space called the cristae.
B)They possess their own DNA.
C)They are the site of cellular respiration.
D)Their inner membranes contain electron carriers.
E)They possess two membranes.

Question 33

Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur?

A)cytoplasm
B)cytosol
C)inner-mitochondrial membrane
D)outer-mitochondrial membrane
E)mitochondrial matrix

Question 34

During anaerobic conditions,

A)more pyruvate is formed from lactate.
B)the degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond the Krebs cycle.
C)mitochondrial processing of nutrient molecules takes place.
D)the ETS continues to function, but the Krebs cycle does not.
E)FAD is not converted to FADH2.

Question 35

NADH is

A)an energy carrier
B)used in cellular respiration
C)produced in glycolysis
D)produced in the citric acid cycle
E)important in all of the above

Question 36

Identify the true statement(s) about anaerobic respiration.

A)It completely oxidizes certain food molecules.
B)It forms carbon dioxide.
C)It donates hydrogens to NAD molecules.
D)All of the above statements are true.
E)It donates hydrogens to pyruvate molecules.

Question 37

ATP synthase

A)pumps H+ ions into the intermembrane space
B)transports oxygen
C)accepts H+ ions from NADH
D)is not part of the ETS
E)uses ATP to pump H+ out of the mitochondrial matrix

Question 38

Where is CO₂ released in the aerobic cellular respiration process?

A)glycolysis
B)electron transport chain
C)Krebs cycle
D)just prior to pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle
E)Krebs cycle and just prior to pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle

Question 39

All of a muscle cell's lactate is synthesized

A)in Krebs cycle reactions
B)from acetyl CoA
C)directly from glucose
D)from pyruvate
E)in chemiosmosis

Question 40

The term aerobic refers to reactions

A)that occur in the lungs
B)that require carbon dioxide
C)that continue only when oxygen is available
D)do not require an input of carbon dioxide
E)that occur without oxygen

Question 41

A cell in the pancreas that secretes an enzyme to hydrolyzes lipids would be expected to have

A)a larger-than-normal nucleus
B)an extensive rough ER
C)a greater-than-normal number of free ribsomes
D)an extensive smooth ER
E)a and d

Question 42

Nicotimamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is

A)used in glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle
B)found in the cytosol
C)a hydrogen carrier molecule
D)found in the mitochondrion
E)characterized by all of the above

Question 43

Which of the following may help transport ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus?

A)Golgi complex
B)mitotic spindle
C)vault
D)centriole
E)secretory vesicle

Question 44

Ribosomes

A)are the only sites where proteins are made
B)contain protein in their chemical makeup
C)contain RNA in their chemical makeup
D)consist of subunits that are constructed inside the nucleus
E)are characterized by all of the above

Question 45

Which characteristic regarding microfilaments is incorrect?

A)They serve as mechanical stiffeners for microvilli.
B)They are composed of actin subunits.
C)They are the smallest elements of the cytoskeleton.
D)They are involved in cell locomotion.
E)They form mitotic spindles.

Question 46

Which of the following does not occur in the cytosol?

A)replication of chromosomes
B)enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
C)storage of fat and glycogen
D)synthesis of proteins
E)glycolysis

Question 47

Identify the true statement(s).

A)Kinesin always moves toward a centriole.
B)Dynein always moves toward the plasma membrane.
C)Dynein is responsible for movement of microvilli.
D)Myosin motors move along actin proteins.
E)Myosin motors move along actin proteins and Dynein always moves toward the plasma membrane.

Question 48

Glycolysis

A)yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed
B)yields two molecules of NADH when converting one glucose into two pyruvates
C)does not take place in the mitochondrion
D)all of these
E)yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed, and yields two molecules of NADH when converting one glucose into two pyruvates

Question 49

During axonal transport

A)Kinesins carry axonal debris toward the axon terminal.
B)Kinesins move toward the nucleus of the cell.
C)Dyneins carry secretory vesicles toward the axon terminal.
D)Dyneins move away from the nucleus.
E)Microfilaments serve as the major intracellular "highway."

Question 50

Microtubules

A)serve as a mechanical stiffener for microvilli
B)form neurofilaments, which degrade in Lou Gehrig's disease
C)form non-muscle contractile assemblies
D)play an important structural role in parts of the cell subject to mechanical stress
E)is responsible for nuclear division but not cytoplasmic division

Question 51

Which of the following organelles contains catalase?

A)peroxisomes
B)mitochondria
C)lysosomes
D)vaults
E)a, b, and c

Question 52

Which of the following represents a site of storage for molecules that a cell uses as a source of energy?

A)peroxisome
B)inclusion
C)lysosome
D)nucleus
E)Golgi complex

Question 53

Actin and myosin filaments are most abundant in ____ cells.

A)epithelial
B)muscle
C)nerve
D)red blood
E)white blood

Question 54

Identify all examples of inclusions.

A)peroxisome
B)glycogen granule
C)centriole
D)vault
E)glycogen granule and vault

Question 55

Which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory?

A)Most cells come from preexisting cells.
B)Cells are the smallest things that can be alive.
C)A cell's structure determines the cell's ability to function.
D)All cells have certain fundamental structures and functions in common.
E)Cells are the fundamental living building blocks of multicellular organisms.

Question 56

Choose the incorrect statement about the cytoskeleton.

A)It may help organize groups of enzymes.
B)It is involved in replication of DNA.
C)It serves as a mechanical stiffener.
D)It is involved in cilia movement.
E)It has components within microvilli.

Question 57

Select the item that is not a part of the cytoskeleton.

A)inclusions
B)intermediate filaments
C)microfilaments
D)microtubular lattice
E)microtubules

Question 58

The bending movements of cilia and flagella

A)are associated with microtubules and kinesin
B)involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments
C)are produced when dynein motors pull adjacent microtubule doublets past each other
D)involves dynein action on microfilaments
E)involves myosin action on intermediate filaments

Question 59

______ transports secretory vesicles along microtubules is

A)Actin
B)Myosin
C)Kinesin
D)Tubulin
E)Keratin

Question 60

Intermediate filaments

A)comprise mitotic spindles
B)are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress
C)comprise cilia and flagella
D)form the basal bodies
E)comprise cilia and flagella and form the basal bodies

Question 61

The cytoplasm includes everything between the plasma membrane and nucleus of a cell.

Question 62

The rough ER synthesizes proteins within their interconnected sacs.

Question 63

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism.

Question 64

DNA in the nucleus has the genetic instructions to make dynein.

Question 65

Identify the item that is not taken into a cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A)amino acid
B)cholesterol
C)vitamin B12
D)iron
E)insulin

Question 66

Which of the following is most closely associated with cilia?

A)actin and myosin
B)intermediate filaments
C)dynein and microtubules
D)microfilaments and actin
E)myosin motor molecules and microfilaments

Question 67

Docking markers are most closely associated with

A)the nucleus
B)mitochondria
C)DNA
D)Golgi complexes
E)the ETS

Question 68

Which pairing is most out of place?

A)Mitochondrion and vesicle formation
B)Lysosome and autophagia
C)Cytoskeleton and vesicle transport
D)ER and lipid synthesis
E)Golgi body and glycoprotein processing

Question 69

Identify the pairing that has the least related items:

A)pinocytosis, endocytosis
B)catalase, peroxisome
C)clathrin, secretory vesicle
D)phagocytosis, pseudopods
E)t-SNARE, plasma membrane

Question 70

The nucleus indirectly governs most cellular activities by directing the kinds and amounts of various enzymes and other proteins that are produced by the cell.

Question 71

RER is most abundant in cells specialized for steroid production.

Question 72

Electron microscopes are about 1000 times more powerful than light microscopes.

Question 73

Proteins synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum become permanently separated from the cytosol as soon as they have been synthesized.

Question 74

Lysosomes synthesize hydrolase enzymes.

Question 75

Identify the item that does not enter a cell through a coated pit:

A)insulin
B)iron
C)cholesterol
D)vitamin B12
E)cargo protein

Question 76

Secretory vesicles are taken into a cell by means of phagocytosis.

Question 77

Secretory vesicles are about 200 times larger than transport vesicles.

Question 78

DNA's genetic code for a particular protein is transcribed into rRNA.

Question 79

The Golgi complex is functionally connected to the ER.

Question 80

The endoplasmic reticulum is one continuous organelle consisting of many tubules and cisternae.