Question 1

The identification of someone as criminal by public authorities is an outcome of:&#10;A) stigma&#10;B) labelling&#10;C) bureaucracy&#10;D) symbolic interactionism

Accepted Answer

The identification of someone as criminal by public authorities is an example of labelling, which is the process through which a person's behaviour is designated as deviant by those in positions of power. Once individuals are labelled as criminals, their behaviour is stigmatized, and this label can have long-term effects on their lives, as well as their ability to obtain employment, housing, and social support.

Question 2

Secondary deviation occurs when an individual&#10;A) commits deviant acts but does not adopt a primary self-identity as a deviant.&#10;B) does not commit deviant acts but is viewed by authorities to have done so.&#10;C) accepts the label of deviant resulting in the adoption of a deviant self-identity that confirms the deviant lifestyle.&#10;D) does not accept the label of deviant resulting in the adoption of a deviant self-identity but conforms to a deviant lifestyle.

Accepted Answer

Secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant resulting in the adoption of a deviant self-identity that confirms the deviant lifestyle. This means that the individual not only commits deviant acts but also internalizes the label, leading to a continued engagement in deviant behavior and a shift in their self-identity towards a deviant persona.

Question 3

An unintended event process or situation that affects a person's extent of involvement in crime is a:&#10;A) Freudian slip&#10;B) drift&#10;C) negotiation&#10;D) career contingency

Accepted Answer

A career contingency refers to an unintended event, process, or situation that influences a person's involvement in crime, affecting their criminal career path.

Question 4

A person or group that demands new criminal laws or stricter enforcement of existing laws is a(n):&#10;A) legislator&#10;B) Attorney General&#10;C) advocacy group&#10;D) moral entrepreneur

Accepted Answer

A moral entrepreneur is an individual or group that seeks to influence or change social norms and values by creating or modifying laws and regulations. They often have strong beliefs about what is right or wrong and aim to persuade others to adopt their viewpoint. Moral entrepreneurs can play a significant role in shaping criminal justice policy by advocating for new or stricter laws, mobilizing public opinion, and pressuring elected officials to take action.

Question 5

The claim that it is legitimate to steal from food stores because they make excessive profits is an example of:&#10;A) mercantilism&#10;B) strain theory&#10;C) drift&#10;D) moral rhetoric

Accepted Answer

Moral rhetoric refers to the use of moral arguments to justify or rationalize behavior that is otherwise considered deviant or unethical, such as stealing.

Question 6

Primary deviation occurs when an individual&#10;A) commits deviant acts but does not adopt a primary self-identity as a deviant.&#10;B) does not commit deviant acts but is viewed by authorities to have done so.&#10;C) accepts the label of deviant resulting in the adoption of a deviant self-identity that confirms the deviant lifestyle.&#10;D) does not accept the label of deviant resulting in the adoption of a deviant self-identity but conforms to a deviant lifestyle.

Accepted Answer

Primary deviation refers to the initial act of deviance committed by an individual, which may or may not be repeated. In this case, the individual may have committed deviant acts but has not fully adopted a deviant identity.

Question 7

The key concept of symbolic interactionism is that:&#10;A) individuals act within a context determined by cultural expectations&#10;B) a person's actions are limited by their class situation&#10;C) social interaction is a dynamic process of interpretation and negotiation&#10;D) there is great cross-cultural variation in symbols

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the importance of social interaction as a dynamic process of interpretation and negotiation. It highlights how individuals use symbols, such as language and gestures, to create meaning and communicate with each other within a particular social context. This perspective emphasizes the subjective nature of social reality and the importance of understanding individual perspectives in shaping social interactions.

Question 8

A person defined as criminal by authorities is likely to find that it will become their:&#10;A) self-definition&#10;B) master status&#10;C) primary deviance&#10;D) secondary label

Accepted Answer

A master status is a social position that dominates all of a person's other social positions and is primarily defined by society. Being labeled as a criminal by authorities can become a person's master status, which then becomes the primary way in which they are identified and viewed by others in society.

Question 9

Police,judges,prison personnel,probation,and parole officers are all:&#10;A) agents of social control&#10;B) first line public defenders&#10;C) social workersl&#10;D) legal administrators

Accepted Answer

Police, judges, prison personnel, probation, and parole officers are all agents of social control because they are responsible for enforcing laws and ensuring that individuals adhere to social norms and values. They play a critical role in maintaining social order and preventing deviant behavior.

Question 10

Which of the following is most closely associated with the interactionist perspective?&#10;A) instrumentalist Marxism&#10;B) differential association&#10;C) operant conditioning&#10;D) moral development

Accepted Answer

The interactionist perspective emphasizes how individuals interact with their social environment, particularly in terms of communication and exchange of ideas. Differential association theory, which posits that individuals learn deviant behavior from their social networks, is closely associated with the interactionist perspective. The other choices are more closely associated with other perspectives within criminology (instrumentalist Marxism with conflict theory, operant conditioning with behaviorism, and moral development with developmental psychology).

Question 11

The idea of a criminal career is linked to:&#10;A) strain theory&#10;B) organized crime&#10;C) primary and secondary deviation&#10;D) drift

Accepted Answer

The answer of The idea of a criminal career is...

Question 12

The term moral entrepreneur includes&#10;A) rule creators and rule enforcers&#10;B) rule creators but not rule enforcers&#10;C) rule enforcers but not rule creators&#10;D) neither rule creators nor rule enforcers

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term moral entrepreneur includes&#10;A) rule creators...

Question 13

Offenders who do not think they have an acceptable alternate lifestyle other than criminal activity have:&#10;A) self labelling&#10;B) deviant identity&#10;C) continuance commitment&#10;D) stigma

Accepted Answer

The answer of Offenders who do not think they have...

Question 14

A ______________,whether in deviance or a legitimate occupation,is the passage of an individual through recognized stages in one or more related identities.&#10;A) career&#10;B) social structure&#10;C) status ladder&#10;D) status

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ______________,whether in deviance or a legitimate...

Question 15

Someone who occasionally shoplifts personal clothing but has a full-time job and socially interacts with non-deviants is an example of:&#10;A) secondary deviation&#10;B) labeling&#10;C) differential association&#10;D) primary deviation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Someone who occasionally shoplifts personal clothing but...

Question 16

Erving Goffman uses the term ___________________ as a characteristic of an individual that is given a negative evaluation by others and thus distorts and discredits the public identity of the person.&#10;A) moral rhetoric&#10;B) stigma&#10;C) master status&#10;D) primary deviance

Accepted Answer

The answer of Erving Goffman uses the term ___________________ as...

Question 17

The statement that crime is learned in interaction in small groups that disregard the community's legal code is associated with:&#10;A) class conflict&#10;B) secondary deviation&#10;C) different rates of crime by gender&#10;D) differential association

Accepted Answer

The answer of The statement that crime is learned in...

Question 18

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of stigma?&#10;A) being unemployed&#10;B) being a drinker&#10;C) being a prisoner&#10;D) being a cocaine user

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best illustrates the...

Question 19

The focus of interactionist criminology is:&#10;A) social structures&#10;B) shared values of culture&#10;C) interpersonal interaction&#10;D) group interaction

Accepted Answer

The answer of The focus of interactionist criminology is:&#10;A) social...

Question 20

Which of the following is one of the strongest correlates of criminal behaviour?&#10;A) ethnic group&#10;B) religion&#10;C) having deviant friends&#10;D) being poor

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is one of...

Question 21

Someone who is engaged in the process of defining new stricter rules and laws is a(n)&#10;A) moral entrepreneur&#10;B) empirical entrepreneur&#10;C) agent of social control&#10;D) advocate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Someone who is engaged in the process...

Question 22

Interactionist theory centers on:&#10;A) the early stages of deviance.&#10;B) the deviant interchanges people have with one another, and the meanings of these interchanges in the present, past, and future.&#10;C) the study of how rules are applied to some people and not to others.&#10;D) how a person lifestyle changes their behaviour and creates deviant behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Interactionist theory centers on:&#10;A) the early stages...

Question 23

Matza wrote about American males who were young offenders.He found that they found satisfaction in drinking,smoking,renouncing,work,being tough,and pursuing the hedonistic pleasures of "real" men.A comparative study out of Alberta proved that for young offenders in Canada

A) they were more likely to be law-abiding then their American counterparts.
B) ties to peers are important, while being in touch with home and school are valued much less.
C) ties to home are important, while being in touch with peers are valued much less.
D) ties to peers are important, while being in touch with home and school are valued just as much.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Matza wrote about American males who were...

Question 24

Ethnomethodologists are interested in&#10;A) how agents of social control and ordinary citizens make sense of deviants and deviant acts.&#10;B) the deviant interchanges people have with one another, and the meanings of these interchanges in the present, past, and future.&#10;C) the study of how rules are applied to some people and not to others.&#10;D) how a person lifestyle changes their behaviour and creates deviant behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ethnomethodologists are interested in&#10;A) how agents of...

Deck 13: Interactionist Theories