Deck 16: Frequency Distribution,hypothesis Testing,and Cross-Tabulation

Question 1

In a frequency distribution,two variables are considered at a time.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Many marketing research projects do not go beyond basic data analysis.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The most commonly used statistics associated with frequencies are measures of location and measures of variability.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

If the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on a nominal scale,the median should be used.

Question 5

The median should be used if the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on an ordinal scale.

Question 6

The most common measures of variability are the range and variance.

Question 7

A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable as to express these counts in percentage terms is called frequency distribution.

Question 8

The mean is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise been grouped into categories.

Question 9

According to the text,the mode represents the highest peak of the distribution.

Question 10

The difference between the smallest and largest values of a distribution is called the variance.

Question 11

The valid percentage column in a frequency distribution represents percentages calculated by excluding the cases with missing values.

Question 12

The mode is used to estimate the average when the data have been collected using an interval or ratio scale.

Question 13

The mean is that value obtained by summing all elements in a set and dividing by the number of elements.

Question 14

A statistic that indicates the distribution's dispersion is called measures of variability.

Question 15

The mean of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.

Question 16

A measure of central tendency given as the value that occurs the most in a sample distribution is called the median.

Question 17

According to the text,the measures of variability is a statistic that describes a location within a data set.

Question 18

Frequency data may be used to construct a histogram,or a vertical bar chart.

Question 19

The mean,mode,and median are associated with the measures of location of frequency distribution.

Question 20

A measure of central tendency,given as the value above which half of the values fall and below which half of the values fall is called the median.

Question 21

If the calculated value of the test statistic is smaller than the critical value of the test statistic,the null hypothesis is rejected.

Question 22

The value of the test statistic that divides the rejection and nonrejection regions is called the critical value.

Question 23

The power of a test is the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true and should be accepted.

Question 24

According to the text,the range measures the spread of the data.

Question 25

A statement that some difference or effect is expected is called a null hypothesis.

Question 26

Standard deviation is the square root of the variance and is expressed in the same units as the data.

Question 27

The two-tailed test is more powerful than the one-tailed test.

Question 28

The null hypothesis refers to a specified value of the population parameter,not a sample statistic.

Question 29

An alternative hypothesis is a statement of the status quo,one of no difference or no effect.

Question 30

A test of the null hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is not expressed directionally is called a one-tailed test.

Question 31

According to the text,accepting the alternative hypothesis will lead to changes in opinions or actions.

Question 32

The test of the null hypothesis is a two-tailed test if the alternative hypothesis is expressed directionally.

Question 33

The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is called the variance.

Question 34

Type I error occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

Question 35

In commercial marketing research,the one-tailed test is used more often than a two-tailed test.

Question 36

A measure of how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.

Question 37

Cross-tabulation with two variables is known as twice-tabulation.

Question 38

Type II error occurs when the sample results lead to nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

Question 39

The null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that is tested,but can never be accepted based on a single test.

Question 40

A univariate hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution is called the F-test.

Question 41

The ________ is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise been grouped into categories.

A) mean
B) median
C) maxima
D) mode
E) categorical listing

Question 42

Data collected in social media often lend themselves to basic analysis involving frequencies,percentages and cross-tabulations.

Question 43

The ________ of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.

A) median
B) mean
C) mode
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 44

A frequency distribution for a variable produces ________.

A) a table of frequency counts
B) percentages
C) cumulative percentages
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 45

A measure of central tendency given as the value that occurs the most in a sample distribution is called the ________.

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 46

The null hypothesis,H₀,when using the chi-square statistic,is that there is no association between the variables.

Question 47

A measure of central tendency,given as the value above which half of the values fall and below which half of the values fall is called the ________.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) binary inflection

Question 48

The ________ is that value obtained by summing all elements in a set and dividing by the number of elements.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) aggregate

Question 49

If the distribution is asymmetric,which measure of location is most appropriate if the data is in a nominal scale? If it is in an ordinal scale? If it is in an interval or ratio scale?

A) mode, mode, median
B) median, median, median
C) median, mean, mode
D) mean, mode, median
E) mode, median, mean

Question 50

A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable as to express these counts in percentage terms is called ________.

A) sampling distribution
B) random distribution
C) frequency distribution
D) systematic distribution
E) chi-square distribution

Question 51

The ________ should be used as a measure of location if the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on an ordinal scale.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) ranking order

Question 52

According to the text,which of the following represents the highest peak of the distribution?

A) mode
B) mean
C) median
D) maxima
E) crest

Question 53

Which of the following is used to estimate the average when the data have been collected using an interval or ratio scale?

A) mode
B) median
C) mean
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 54

A frequency distribution ________.

A) helps identify the presence of outliers
B) indicates the shape of the empirical distribution of the variable
C) contains the same information as the margins of a contingency table
D) A and B
E) A, B and C

Question 55

39. The chi-square statistic can be estimated on counts of data or on percentages.

Question 56

When using the chi-square statistic in cross-tabulation,the null hypothesis (H₀)will be rejected only when the calculated value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value of the chi-square distribution with the appropriate degrees of freedom.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a statistic that is associated with the measures of location of frequency distribution?

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) C and D

Question 58

According to the text,the ________ is a statistic that describes a location within a data set.

A) measures of location
B) measures of variability
C) measures of association
D) measures of relativity
E) measures of position

Question 59

Cross-tabulation examines associations between variables,not causation.

Question 60

If the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on a nominal scale,the ________ should be used as a measure of location.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 61

A statement that some difference or effect is expected is called a(n)________.

A) null hypothesis
B) alternative hypothesis
C) random hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) incidence of difference

Question 62

According to the text,accepting the ________ will lead to changes in opinions or actions.

A) null hypothesis
B) alternative hypothesis
C) random hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) quid pro quo

Question 63

The most common measures of variability are the ________ and ________.

A) median; range
B) variance; mean
C) mean; median
D) range; variance
E) difference; trend line

Question 64

Which of the following often follows a well-known distribution,such as the normal,t,or chi-square distribution?

A) test statistic
B) level of significance
C) critical value
D) z-test
E) incidence of difference

Question 65

A univariate hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution is called the ________.

A) F-test
B) p-test
C) t-test
D) z-test
E) poisson test

Question 66

The probability of making a type I error is called the ________.

A) level of significance
B) critical value
C) test statistic
D) power of a test
E) incidence of difference

Question 67

The ________ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected.

A) level of significance
B) z-test
C) test statistic
D) power of a test
E) incidence of difference

Question 68

A measure of how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis is called the ________.

A) level of significance
B) power of a test
C) test statistic
D) critical value
E) incidence of difference

Question 69

The difference between the smallest and largest values of a distribution is called the ________.

A) range
B) variance
C) median
D) mean
E) body

Question 70

________ occurs when the sample results lead to nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) Type III error
D) Type IV error
E) Power of a test

Question 71

A statistic that indicates the distribution's dispersion is called ________.

A) measures of location
B) measures of variability
C) measures of association
D) measures of relativity
E) measures of difference

Question 72

The ________ is always the hypothesis that is tested,but can never be accepted based on a single test.

A) alternative hypothesis
B) random hypothesis
C) null hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) incidence of difference

Question 73

________ is the square root of the variance and is expressed in the same units as the data.

A) Range
B) Standard error
C) Standard deviation
D) Mean
E) Statistical significance

Question 74

According to the text,the ________ measures the spread of the data.

A) mode
B) median
C) mean
D) range
E) body

Question 75

A test of the null hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is not expressed directionally is called a ________ test.

A) one-tailed
B) two-tailed
C) three-tailed
D) four-tailed
E) A and B

Question 76

In commercial marketing research,the ________ test is used more often than a ________ test.

A) one-tailed; two-tailed
B) two-tailed; one-tailed
C) exhaustive; inexhaustive
D) inexhaustive; exhaustive
E) B and C

Question 77

________ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) Type III error
D) Type IV error
E) Power of a test

Question 78

The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is called the ________.

A) variance
B) range
C) median
D) mean
E) geometric mean

Question 79

The test of the null hypothesis is a ________ test if the alternative hypothesis is expressed directionally.

A) two-tailed
B) three-tailed
C) four-tailed
D) one-tailed
E) A and D

Question 80

A(n)________ hypothesis is a statement of the status quo,one of no difference or no effect.

A) null hypothesis
B) alternative hypothesis
C) random hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) starting hypothesis