Deck 4: Explanations of Criminal Behavior

Question 1

One of the major contributions of this theorist was that he was the first to use the scientific method to explain criminal behavior.

A) Cesare Beccaria
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jeremy Bentham

Answer 1

B

Question 2

These theorists set the foundation for differential association theory in their studies of human ecology.

A) Shaw and McKay
B) Park and Burgess
C) Beccaria and Bentham
D) Gottfredson and Hirschi

Answer 2

B

Question 3

He is known,among other things,for his development of the panopticon.

A) Cesare Beccaria
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jeremy Bentham

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A ________ frames a question that a research is looking to answer.

A) research question
B) hypothesis
C) theory
D) correlation

Question 5

________ implies that there is something that directly influences or is responsible for people engaging in criminal behavior.

A) Correlation
B) Causation
C) Hypothesis
D) Theory

Question 6

_________,or the notion that humans seek to maximize pleasure and avoid pain,is a key principle of the classical school of thought.

A) Panopticon
B) Atavism
C) Determinism
D) Hedonism

Question 7

As the number of arrests increases,the prison sentence will also increase.This is an example of a __________.

A) research question
B) hypothesis
C) theory
D) correlation

Question 8

A fundamental premise of this school of thought is that people engage in crime as a result of free will.

A) Classical
B) Positivist
C) Interactionist
D) Deterministic

Question 9

This theory suggests that people will avoid potentially pleasurable acts (such as criminal behaviors)if the pain or fear of punishment is significant.

A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Deterrence
D) Rational choice

Question 10

This theory focuses on stress and frustration as a cause of criminality.

A) Social Disorganization
B) Strain
C) Differential Association
D) Labeling

Question 11

These theories of crime explore how experiences such as early childhood experiences,cognitive development,and personality characteristics can help explain criminality.

A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Classical
D) Sociological

Question 12

A _______ is a set of ideas that is used to explain a particular phenomena or concept.

A) correlation
B) causation
C) hypothesis
D) theory

Question 13

Sometimes,when one variable increases,so does the other.This is referred to as __________.It means that two variables are linked to each other.

A) correlation
B) causation
C) hypothesis
D) theory

Question 14

These theories look at how larger social structures such as environment and institutions such as schools,peer groups,and the family can help explain criminal behavior.

A) Biological
B) Psychological
C) Sociological
D) Classical

Question 15

A __________ provides a path of inquiry to study.

A) research question
B) hypothesis
C) theory
D) correlation

Question 16

Biological explanations for criminality are examples of ______________ theories.

A) macro
B) micro
C) causation
D) correlation

Question 17

Exploring how poverty causes crime is an example of ________ theories.

A) macro
B) micro
C) causation
D) correlation

Question 18

__________ theories of crime focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors.

A) Macro
B) Micro
C) Classical
D) Positivist

Question 19

Minorities are more likely to be arrested than their white counterparts.This is an example of a __________.

A) research question
B) hypothesis
C) theory
D) correlation

Question 20

__________ theories of crime explore the large-scale social explanations for crime.

A) Macro
B) Micro
C) Classical
D) Positivist

Question 21

A person who decides not to engage in criminality for fear of jeopardizing their future in law enforcement after graduating with a college degree is an example of commitment.

Question 22

Hirschi argued that attachment refers to the bond that people have with family,friends,and social institutions.It may serve as an informal control against criminality.

Question 23

This element of the bond refers to the investment that an individual has to the normative values of society.

A) Attachment
B) commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 24

Secondary deviance occurs after an individual has been labeled.

Question 25

Feminist pathways research seeks to show how life events and traumas affect the likelihood to engage in crime.

Question 26

Jason sells drugs in an effort to make money and gain status in life.Which mode of adaptation best describes Jason?

A) Ritualism
B) Rebellion
C) Retreatism
D) Innovation

Question 27

According to differential association theory,a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.

Question 28

Developed by Howard Becker,this theory is based on the self-fulfilling prophecy.

A) Differential association
B) Labeling
C) Social bond
D) Social disorganization

Question 29

Sampson and Laub developed this theory based on longitudinal data collected between 1949 and 1963 by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck.

A) Differential association
B) Age graded developmental
C) Critical criminology
D) A general theory of crime

Question 30

Developed by Edwin Sutherland,this theory posits that these learned behaviors about crime and delinquency are a result of peer associations.

A) Strain
B) Differential association
C) Social disorganization
D) Social bond

Question 31

Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Theory of Crime suggests that ties to conventional adult activities such as family and work can serve as a protective factor in adulthood,even if the individual has engaged in delinquent acts during adolescence.

Question 32

This element of the bond refers to a general acceptance of the rules of society.

A) Attachment
B) commitment
C) Involvement
D) Belief

Question 33

__________ is a sense of normlessness.Societies experience it as a result of a breakdown in the social cohesion.Individuals experience it when they lack guidance and structure for appropriate social behaviors.

A) Labeling
B) Differential association
C) Strain
D) Anomie

Question 34

Travis Hirschi identified four elements of the bond: attachment,commitment,involvement,and belief.

Question 35

This theory differs from others as it focuses on factors that prevent people from engaging in crime.

A) Differential association
B) Labeling
C) Social bond
D) Social disorganization

Question 36

Feminist criminology rose as an alternative to many of the traditional theories of crime.

Question 37

April is a law abiding college student with a 2-year old daughter.She works evenings and weekends to provide a better life for herself and her child.Which mode of adaptation best describes her?

A) Conformist
B) Innovation
C) Ritualism
D) Retreatism

Question 38

In comparison with other criminological theories,social bond theory is unique as it focuses on factors that prevent people from engaging in crime.

Question 39

__________ theory looks at how criminality begins during adolescence or young adulthood and either persists or desists throughout one's life and the factors or life events that may encourage these shifts in behavior.

A) Social learning
B) Life course
C) Differential association
D) Feminist pathways

Question 40

Primary deviance refers to serious acts that are often brought to the attention of police and courts.

Question 41

Damon engages in regular drug use as a coping mechanism to escape.According to Merton,this best illustrates rebellion.

Question 42

What is a research question? Provide an example.

Question 43

Explain the difference between anomie and strain.

Question 44

What are the major contributions of Beccaria?

Question 45

What is a theory?

Question 46

According to social disorganization theory,what is the root cause of criminality?

Question 47

Explain the major difference between micro- and macro-level theories on crime.

Question 48

List and explain the four elements of the bond according to Hirschi.

Question 49

What are the major contributions of Bentham?

Question 50

What is the major difference between classical and positivist theories of crime?

Question 51

Macro theories of crime focus on individual differences between law-abiding and law-violating behaviors while micro theories of crime explore the large-scale social explanations for crime.

Question 52

How can Freud's concepts of the id,ego and superego be used to understand criminal behavior?

Question 53

Explain Merton's five adaptations to strain.Provide one example of each.

Question 54

Explain the process of labeling according to Becker.

Question 55

Define and provide one example of a hypothesis.

Question 56

Correlation implies that there is something that directly influences or is responsible for people engaging in criminal behavior while causation means that two variables are linked together.

Question 57

Explain how social bond theory differs from other criminological theories.

Question 58

Agnew's general strain theory highlights three potential sources of strain: failure in achieving positive goals,the loss of positive influences,and the arrival of negative influences.

Question 59

Biological and Psychological theories of crime are commonly called Trait Theories.What are the major differences between these?

Question 60

The fundamental perspective of the classical school of criminology is that people engage in criminal behavior as a result of their own free will.

Question 61

Describe the classical approach to criminology.

Question 62

What are the policy implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's control theory?

Question 63

What are the policy implications of the classical school of criminology?

Question 64

Explain life course theory.

Question 65

Compare and contrast Merton's strain theory with Agnew's general strain theory.

Question 66

How does differential association theory view crime? Be specific,and explain the theory in detail.

Question 67

What is the significance of feminist criminology?

Question 68

Choose one of the following theories to explain burglary.

Question 69

Select one microlevel theory and one macrolevel theory,and compare them.

Question 70

Explain what positivism is.

Question 71

Which theory is the best theory of crime? Explain.

Question 72

Explain Kohlberg's theory and how it helps explain crime.