Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

What we know about the later lives of socially isolated children supports the findings of the Harlow's research.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to Carol Gilligan, the self-esteem of girls increases steadily through the teenage years.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Erik H.Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place during childhood.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Even years of social isolation during infancy in humans does not cause permanent and irreversible developmental damage.

Question 5

The "ego" in Freud's model of personality is the same as "conscience."

Question 6

Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have many of the same expectations of their children.

Question 7

George Herbert Mead used the concept "the looking-glass self" to refer to significant people in our lives.

Question 8

In Freud's model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego.

Question 9

The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to permanently damage infant rhesus monkeys.

Question 10

Mead's theory of the self is completely social he did not recognize a role for biology in personality development.

Question 11

According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols were first used in the preoperational stage.

Question 12

Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they grow older.

Question 13

During adolescence, the family's influence on children virtually ceases.

Question 14

While many researchers have studied outward behavior, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning-specifically the meaning people attach to behavior.

Question 15

The tragic case of Anna shows that without adequate nutrition a human being cannot develop a personality or self.

Question 16

Psychologist John B.Watson claimed that specific patterns of human behavior are not instinctive, but learned.

Question 17

Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy.

Question 18

The "id" in Freud's work represents the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.

Question 19

Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization.

Question 20

Mead's concepts of the "I" and the "me" are close parallels of Freud's concepts of the id and the superego.

Question 21

The elderly population in nearly all high-income nations has been increasing rapidly.

Question 22

Anticipatory socialization refers to trying to avoid unpleasant social experiences.

Question 23

Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.

Question 24

In the United States, old age is generally thought to begin at about the age of sixty-five.

Question 25

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

A) socialization
B) personality
C) human nature
D) behaviorism

Question 26

U.S.school children spend about as much time in front of a television as they do at school or interacting with their parents.

Question 27

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B.Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

A) behaviorism
B) biological psychology
C) evolutionary psychology
D) naturalism

Question 28

Gerontology is the study of aging and the elderly.

Question 29

Poverty rates among the U.S.elderly have increased in recent decades.

Question 30

A community college is a good example of a total institution.

Question 31

Gerontocracy is a form of social organization in which the oldest members of a society have the greatest wealth and power.

Question 32

During the last century, the mass media have had a declining influence on people in the United States.

Question 33

A cohort is a category of people who have something important in common, usually their age.

Question 34

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

A) socialization
B) behavior
C) human nature
D) personality

Question 35

Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of older people.

Question 36

Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age.

Question 37

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that

A) humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species.
B) without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.
C) personality is present in humans at birth.
D) many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life.

Question 38

As the proportion of women and men in old age increases, we can expect U.S.culture to become more comfortable with the reality of death.

Question 39

Childhood and other stages of the life course are defined similarly in all societies.

Question 40

Increasing longevity is a major factor driving up the share of the U.S.population that is elderly.

Question 41

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) generalized other

Question 42

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) thanatos

Question 43

When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that

A) people are self-centered.
B) people see themselves as they think others see them.
C) people see things only from their own point of view.
D) our actions are a reflection of our values.

Question 44

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the

A) superego.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) generalized other.

Question 45

Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that

A) the two species react differently to social isolation.
B) both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation.
C) even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans.
D) long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

Question 46

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind

A) imagining a situation in terms of past experience.
B) recognizing that people have different views of most situations.
C) imagining a situation from another person's point of view.
D) trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people.

Question 47

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that

A) human behavior is basically random.
B) humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.
C) societies encourage people to become self-centered.
D) humans can never become cultural creatures.

Question 48

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that

A) nature is far more important than nurture.
B) nurture is far more important than nature.
C) nature and nurture have equal importance.
D) neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

Question 49

Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that

A) girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence.
B) at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys.
C) at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
D) girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence.

Question 50

The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that

A) humans have instincts that guide our lives.
B) biological forces underlie human culture.
C) as humans, to nurture is our nature.
D) Darwin's model of biological evolution explains the patterns of human culture.

Question 51

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that

A) monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind.
B) isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally.
C) even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys.
D) prolonged isolation had little effect on infant monkeys.

Question 52

According to Mead, social experience involves

A) understanding the world in terms of our senses.
B) the exchange of symbols.
C) a mix of biological instinct and learning.
D) acting but not thinking.

Question 53

Jean Piaget's focus was on

A) how children develop their motor skills.
B) how children are stimulated by their environment.
C) the role of heredity in shaping human behavior.
D) cognition, or how people think and understand.

Question 54

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was

A) cognition.
B) the importance of gender in socialization.
C) moral reasoning.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 55

If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that

A) social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.
B) both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development.
C) the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time.
D) the effect of long-term social isolation can never be overcome in any situation.

Question 56

For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?

A) sensorimotor stage
B) preoperational stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 57

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be

A) the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.
B) the presence of culture within the individual.
C) basic drives that are self-centered.
D) present in infants at the time of their birth.

Question 58

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that

A) girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.
B) girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are.
C) boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are.
D) the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.

Question 59

Mead placed the origin of the self on

A) biological drives.
B) genetics.
C) social experience.
D) the functioning of the brain.

Question 60

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

A) sensorimotor stage
B) preoperational stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 61

The period of life called "middle adulthood" typically involves

A) life circumstances becoming more or less set.
B) a lack of awareness of health issues.
C) childrearing responsibilities.
D) juggling conflicting priorities.

Question 62

On the basis of Melvin Kohn's study of what parents expect of their children, high-income parents are likely to be most concerned when their child

A) is given a "tardy slip" for being late to school.
B) needs to be told what he should draw during free art time.
C) is labeled a "nonconformist."
D) is said to have an "active imagination."

Question 63

Mead would agree that

A) socialization ends with the development of self in childhood.
B) if you won $100 million in a lottery, your self might change.
C) people are puppets with little control over their lives.
D) human behavior reflects both nature and nurture.

Question 64

Erik H.Erikson's view of socialization states that

A) personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.
B) personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture.
C) we come to see ourselves as we think others see us.
D) most of our personality development takes place in childhood.

Question 65

Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.

A) independence protecting children
B) independence dependence
C) obedience creativity
D) creativity obedience

Question 66

Communities differ in terms of the racial composition of the population.In which of the following regions of the United States is there a relatively high number of people who claim to be multiracial?

A) the Southwest, including Arizona and southern California
B) the Plains States, including North Dakota and South Dakota
C) the New England states of Maine and New Hampshire
D) the Rocky Mountain states of Montana and Wyoming

Question 67

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that

A) childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere.
B) rich societies extend childhood much longer than do poor societies.
C) poor societies extend childhood much longer than do rich societies.
D) biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

Question 68

Based on what you have read in thisCHAPTER, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion?

A) There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike.
B) Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature.
C) Growth always involves change and change is confusing.
D) Parents are no longer providing proper guidance to young people.

Question 69

In the historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has

A) increased over time.
B) been about the same over the last century.
C) decreased over time.
D) never been very important.

Question 70

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?

A) imitation, play, game, generalized other
B) imitation, generalized other, play, game
C) imitation, game, play, generalized other
D) imitation, generalized other, game, play

Question 71

Critics of Erikson's theory of personality development point out that

A) not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson.
B) his theories are difficult to test scientifically.
C) a large percentage of people never reach the last stage of development.
D) his research suffers from a gender bias.

Question 72

On average, a U.S.household has at least one television turned on for how many hours a day?

A) two
B) five
C) eight
D) fifteen

Question 73

Today, the factor people most commonly use in deciding if a person has reached adulthood is noting if the young woman or young man

A) has completed all schooling.
B) has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family.
C) is married.
D) is married and has children.

Question 74

The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it

A) has a greater effect than parents on children's long-term goals.
B) lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
C) gives children experience in an impersonal setting.
D) halts the socialization process for a brief period.

Question 75

One contribution of schooling to the socialization process that teaches about rules and schedules is

A) exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting.
B) exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds.
C) teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality.
D) helping children break free of gender roles.

Question 76

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents.Mead referred to these people as

A) role models.
B) looking-glass models.
C) significant others.
D) the generalized other.

Question 77

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to

A) important individuals in the child's life.
B) a person who provides complete care for a child.
C) any "significant other."
D) widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.

Question 78

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call

A) group conformity.
B) future directedness.
C) anticipatory socialization.
D) group rejection.

Question 79

Assume you have a business that provides products to older people.Looking ahead, you have reason to expect

A) increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size.
B) decreasing sales, because your target population is getting smaller.
C) little change in sales, because your target population will remain stable.
D) that your target population will increasingly be men.

Question 80

Family is important to the socialization process because

A) family members are often what Mead called "generalized others."
B) families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
C) families begin the process of anticipatory socialization.
D) families set the stage for resocialization.