Deck 24: The Urinary System

Question 1

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Almost no water is absorbed in these cells.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Collecting duct.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Nephron loop.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Match the following:

A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
C) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
D) Site of filtrate formation.
Proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 5

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Cells that are the most active in reabsorbing the filtrate.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
C) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
D) Site of filtrate formation.
Peritubular capillaries.

Question 7

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Medulla of the kidney.

Question 8

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Collecting duct cells.

Question 9

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Cells that are most affected by ADH.

Question 10

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Podocyte.

Question 11

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Peritubular capillaries.

Question 12

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Afferent arteriole.

Question 13

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Glomerulus.

Question 14

Match the following:

A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
C) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
D) Site of filtrate formation.
Collecting duct.

Question 15

Match the following:

A) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
C) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
D) Site of filtrate formation.
Glomerulus.

Question 16

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Is composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Question 17

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma.

Question 18

Figure 24.1
Using Figure 24.1, match the following:
Structure most closely associated with granular cells.

Question 19

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Proximal convoluted tubule cells.

Question 20

Figure 24.2
Using Figure 24.2, match the following:
Cells that reabsorb virtually all the nutrients.

Question 21

If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

Question 22

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Peritubular capillaries
C) Efferent arterioles
D) Vasa recta
E) Afferent arterioles
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.

Question 23

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Peritubular capillaries
C) Efferent arterioles
D) Vasa recta
E) Afferent arterioles
Play a role in urine concentration.

Question 24

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Peritubular capillaries
C) Efferent arterioles
D) Vasa recta
E) Afferent arterioles
Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

Question 25

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

Question 26

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

Question 27

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

Question 28

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

Question 29

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

Question 30

Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

Question 31

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Peritubular capillaries
C) Efferent arterioles
D) Vasa recta
E) Afferent arterioles
May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

Question 32

Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and the reproductive systems.

Question 33

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

Question 34

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

Question 35

Match the following:

A) Glomerular capillaries
B) Peritubular capillaries
C) Efferent arterioles
D) Vasa recta
E) Afferent arterioles
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

Question 36

In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.

Question 37

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

Question 38

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

Question 39

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

Question 40

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

Question 41

The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

Question 42

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.

A) is not permeable to water
B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea
C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Question 43

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

A) has a basement membrane
B) is impermeable to most substances
C) is drained by an efferent arteriole
D) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

Question 44

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

Question 45

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

A) a podocyte
B) a vasa recta
C) a fenestrated capillary
D) an efferent arteriole

Question 46

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
B) when the pH of the urine decreases
C) by a decrease in the blood pressure
D) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

Question 47

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

A) nephron loop
B) glomerular filtration membrane
C) collecting duct
D) distal convoluted tubule

Question 48

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

A) decrease in the production of ADH
B) increase in the production of ADH
C) increase in the production of aldosterone
D) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

Question 49

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

Question 50

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

Question 51

Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.

Question 52

Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

Question 53

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

Question 54

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

Question 55

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

A) lobar
B) arcuate
C) interlobar
D) cortical radiate

Question 56

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
C) maintains blood osmolarity
D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Question 57

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

A) transitional
B) simple squamous
C) stratified squamous
D) pseudostratified columnar

Question 58

Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

Question 59

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

Question 60

An excessive urine output is called anuria.

Question 61

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine.
B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.
C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.

Question 62

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

A) nephron
B) nephron loop
C) glomerular capsule
D) capsular space

Question 63

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
1) major calyx
2) minor calyx
3) nephron
4) urethra
5) ureter
6) collecting duct

A) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4
B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
C) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4
D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Question 64

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

A) the stretching of the bladder wall
B) motor neurons
C) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder
D) the sympathetic efferents

Question 65

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

A) the ionic electrochemical gradient
B) protein-regulated diffusion
C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

Question 66

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

A) the same as water
B) slightly higher than water
C) much higher than water
D) less than water

Question 67

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

A) aldosterone
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) changes in pressure in the tubule
D) changes in solute content of the filtrate

Question 68

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells
B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration
C) increases secretion of ADH
D) inhibits the release of ADH

Question 69

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

A) glomerular endothelium
B) podocytes
C) renal fascia
D) basement membrane

Question 70

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

A) not limited by a transport maximum
B) in the distal convoluted tubule
C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
D) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached

Question 71

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
B) the descending nephron loop
C) the renal pyramid
D) the renal papilla

Question 72

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

A) glucose
B) hormones
C) electrolytes
D) plasma protein

Question 73

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

A) active transport
B) osmosis
C) filtration
D) cotransport with sodium ions

Question 74

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) Na⁺
B) K⁺
C) glucose
D) creatinine

Question 75

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

A) Net filtration would increase above normal.
B) Net filtration would decrease.
C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.
D) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change.

Question 76

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?

A) granular cells
B) macula densa
C) podocyte cells
D) mesangial cells

Question 77

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
B) decrease the production of aldosterone
C) decrease arterial blood pressure
D) decrease water absorption

Question 78

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.
C) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.
D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

Question 79

Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?

A) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.
B) It helps control systemic blood pressure.
C) Its granular cells produce rennin.
D) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

Question 80

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently
B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys
D) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney