Deck 2: Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared ________.

A) unequally between atoms
B) between ions
C) equally between atoms
D) or transferred between atoms

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called ________.

A) monosaccharides
B) triglycerides
C) steroids
D) polysaccharides

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Enzymes are examples of ________ proteins.

A) structural
B) globular (functional)
C) fibrous
D) alpha

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Using Figure 2.1, identify the following:
Which letter represents a carbohydrate polymer?

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E

Question 5

Unsaturated fatty acid chains contain one or more ________ bonds between carbon atoms.

A) peptide
B) double
C) triple
D) monosaccharide

Question 6

A nucleotide of DNA contain three components: ________, ________, and ________.

A) deoxyribose; a phosphate group; nitrogen-containing base
B) ribose; three phosphate groups; nitrogen-containing base
C) ribose; two phosphate groups; acid group
D) ribose; a phosphate group; nitrogen-containing base

Question 7

Using Figure 2.1, identify the following:
Letter D represents the structure of a(n) ________.

A) monosaccharide
B) amino acid
C) triglyceride
D) steroid

Question 8

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons are known as ________.

A) isotopes
B) reactants
C) molecules
D) ions

Question 9

Proteins are synthesized from ________ during synthesis reactions.

A) monosaccharides
B) amino acids
C) glycerol and fatty acids
D) nucleotides

Question 10

Anything that has mass and takes up space is considered to be ________.

A) a solid
B) matter
C) an element
D) energy

Question 11

A solution with a pH of 11.7 is ________ times more basic (alkaline) than a solution with a pH of 8.7.

A) 10
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 3

Question 12

An atom's outermost shell is known as its ________ shell.

A) valence
B) ionic
C) isotopic
D) inorganic

Question 13

Using Figure 2.1, identify the following:
Letter E represents a nucleic acid building block known as a ________.

A) monosaccharide
B) triglyceride
C) saturated fat
D) nucleotide

Question 14

Using Figure 2.1, identify the following:
Which letter represents a globular protein in its quaternary structure?

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E

Question 15

An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) ________.

A) protons (hydrogen ions)
B) hydroxyl ions
C) neutrons
D) electrons

Question 16

Nerve impulses involve the flow of an electrical current, a type of energy known as ________ energy.

A) radiant
B) mechanical
C) electrical
D) chemical

Question 17

The complementary base to adenine in a molecule of DNA is ________.

A) guanine
B) cytosine
C) leucine
D) thymine

Question 18

The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of ________ an atom contains.

A) protons
B) neutrons
C) protons and neutrons
D) neutrons and electrons

Question 19

The most common element in the human body is ________.

A) carbon
B) oxygen
C) hydrogen
D) nitrogen

Question 20

Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding are collectively termed ________ compounds.

A) electrolytic
B) organic
C) inorganic
D) acidic

Question 21

In order to break a disaccharide down into simple sugar units ________.

A) water molecules must be added to each bond
B) water molecules must be removed from each bond
C) carbon atoms must be added to each bond
D) carbon atoms must be removed from each bond
E) water molecules and carbon atoms must be removed from each bond

Question 22

A molecule of methane, CH₄, is known specifically as a(n) ________.

A) compound
B) radioisotope
C) element
D) atom
E) anion

Question 23

The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are the ________.

A) protons
B) neutrons
C) electrons
D) isotopes
E) ions

Question 24

An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass is ________.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 8
D) 14
E) 20

Question 25

Atomic mass is equivalent to the number of ________ in an atom.

A) protons
B) neutrons
C) electrons
D) protons and electrons
E) protons and neutrons

Question 26

An atom with 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and 6 electrons shares four pairs of electrons with four other atoms. This atom is now considered to be ________.

A) a cation
B) an anion
C) a neutral atom
D) stable
E) an ion

Question 27

The atomic number of an atom reveals the number of ________.

A) electrons in the atomic nucleus
B) protons in the atomic nucleus
C) protons plus neutrons
D) protons plus electrons
E) neutrons plus electrons

Question 28

Isotopes have different numbers of ________; thus they also have different ________.

A) protons; atomic numbers
B) neutrons; atomic masses
C) electrons; atomic numbers
D) protons; atomic masses
E) neutrons; atomic numbers

Question 29

Which of the following elements is needed to make functional thyroid hormone?

A) magnesium
B) iodine
C) iron
D) potassium
E) chlorine

Question 30

An atom of magnesium has lost two electrons. It is known as a(n) ________.

A) anion
B) molecule
C) isotope
D) cation
E) neutral atom

Question 31

Which of the following leads to an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction?

A) increased temperature
B) large particle size
C) lack of catalysts
D) decreased temperature
E) few particles

Question 32

What type of bond results when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another?

A) ionic bond
B) hydrogen bond
C) carbon bond
D) polar covalent bond
E) nonpolar covalent bond

Question 33

An atom with an atomic number of 14 will have ________ electrons in its valence shell.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 10
E) 14

Question 34

The growth of cells and repair of worn-out tissues is accomplished by ________.

A) decomposition reactions
B) catabolic reactions
C) hydrolysis reactions
D) synthesis reactions
E) neutralization reactions

Question 35

Elements are composed of building blocks known as ________.

A) molecules
B) atoms
C) compounds
D) polymers
E) protons

Question 36

The movement of ions across plasma membranes is an example of ________.

A) radiant energy
B) chemical energy
C) electrical energy
D) mechanical energy
E) potential energy

Question 37

What is the atomic number of the atom in Figure 2.2?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6
E) 12

Question 38

The major function of potassium is to ________.

A) serve as a salt in bones and teeth
B) play a role in nerve impulse transmissions and muscle contractions
C) make functional thyroid hormones
D) influence the pH of body fluids
E) exist as the most abundant extracellularcation

Question 39

Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound?

A) glucose
B) triglyceride
C) water
D) protein
E) steroid

Question 40

Which of the following contains sodium?

A) H₂O
B) NaCl
C) N₂
D) CH₄
E) H₂SO₄

Question 41

Which of these vitamins is produced in skin upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin E
E) vitamin K

Question 42

The building blocks of a triglyceride are ________.

A) three fatty acid chains and one glycerol molecule
B) one fatty acid chain and one glycerol molecule
C) four interlocking rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms
D) amino acids
E) nucleotides

Question 43

Which of the following DNA base pairs is complementary?

A) adenine and guanine
B) guanine and uracil
C) thymine and guanine
D) cytosine and adenine
E) adenine and thymine

Question 44

Identify the nucleic acid.

A) oxidase
B) cholesterol
C) glucose
D) DNA
E) triglyceride

Question 45

Which of the following statements about RNA is True?

A) RNA is single stranded.
B) RNA is composed of cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine.
C) RNA is found only in the nucleus of the cell.
D) RNA contains deoxyribose.
E) RNA is a double helix.

Question 46

The organic compounds that function in building tissues and acting as enzymes are the ________.

A) nucleic acids
B) carbohydrates
C) salts
D) lipids
E) proteins

Question 47

Which of the following solutions is the weakest acid?

A) a solution with a pH of 2.4
B) a solution with a pH of 5.2
C) a solution with a pH of 6.4
D) a solution with a pH of 8.6
E) a solution with a pH of 10.1

Question 48

Which carbohydrate is also known as blood sugar?

A) sucrose
B) glucose
C) ribose
D) deoxyribose
E) cellulose

Question 49

Two or more polypeptides chains combine to form a complex structure called a ________.

A) primary structure
B) beta-pleated sheet
C) secondary structure
D) tertiary structure
E) quaternary structure

Question 50

The reaction sucrose + water → glucose + fructose is an example of a(n) ________.

A) double replacement reaction
B) synthesis reaction
C) decomposition reaction
D) neutralization reaction
E) anabolic reaction

Question 51

A solution with a pH of 7 ________.

A) is acidic
B) releases more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions into solution
C) releases more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions into solution
D) is basic
E) is neutral

Question 52

Water absorbs and releases large amount of energy before changing temperature, a characteristic known as ________.

A) cushioning
B) buffering
C) chemical reactivity
D) high heat capacity
E) polarity

Question 53

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for ________.

A) polarity
B) denaturation of proteins
C) enzyme structure
D) nonpolar covalent bonding
E) surface tension

Question 54

Enzymes ________.

A) are essential to virtually every biochemical reaction in the body
B) help regulate growth and development
C) are highly specialized proteins that recognize, bind with, and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and some viruses
D) increase the rates of chemical reactions by at least a millionfold
E) when absent or destroyed, cause all biochemical reactions to cease

Question 55

Which polysaccharide is formed of linked glucose molecules and stored in animal tissues?

A) ribose
B) cellulose
C) starch
D) glucose
E) glycogen

Question 56

The most common steroid is ________.

A) phospholipid
B) cholesterol
C) triglyceride
D) trans fat
E) unsaturated fat

Question 57

Saturated fats ________.

A) have two fatty acid chains
B) exist as solids at room temperature
C) are formed from four interlocking carbon rings
D) contain many double bonds
E) exist as liquids and are derived from plants

Question 58

Exchange reactions in which an acid and a base interact are known as ________.

A) decomposition reactions
B) neutralization reactions
C) anabolic reactions
D) hydrolysis reactions
E) catabolic reactions

Question 59

Enzymes are ________.

A) carbohydrates
B) stable at high temperatures
C) biological catalysts
D) not reuseable
E) required in large amounts in order to be effective

Question 60

Why is ATP categorized as a nucleic acid?

A) ATP has a polar region and a nonpolar region.
B) ATP contains four interlocking carbon rings.
C) ATP is a modified nucleotide with three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine.
D) All nucleic acids, such as ATP, function as catalysts to increase reaction rates.
E) All nucleic acids have an amine and an acid functional group.

Question 61

The sugar found in DNA is ________.

A) ribose
B) sucrose
C) deoxyribose
D) lactose
E) starch

Question 62

Trans fats are oils that have been solidified by the addition of ________.

A) oxygen atoms
B) carbon atoms
C) hydrogen atoms
D) nitrogen atoms
E) phosphorus-containing groups

Question 63

Shell 1 of an atom can hold a maximum of ________ electron(s).

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
E) 18

Question 64

What type of chemical bond is pictured in Figure 2.3?

A) nonpolar covalent bond
B) polar covalent bond
C) ionic bond
D) single covalent bond
E) double covalent bond

Question 65

Water is the single most abundant inorganic compound in the human body.

Question 66

The lower the pH, the greater the number of hydrogen ions released by a chemical into solution.

Question 67

Inactive or stored energy is called kinetic energy.

Question 68

Which of these enzymes catalyzes sucrose?

A) glucase
B) cholesterol
C) oxidase
D) cellulase
E) sucrase

Question 69

Carbon is found in all inorganic compounds.

Question 70

The building blocks of proteins are ________.

A) monosaccharides
B) nucleotides
C) amino acids
D) nucleic acids
E) fatty acids

Question 71

Hydrogen bonds are very strong bonds that hold together water molecules.

Question 72

Carbohydrates are classified as inorganic compounds.

Question 73

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons during bonding are known as isotopes.

Question 74

Acids are defined as proton donors since they release hydrogen ions.

Question 75

The nucleotide chains of DNA are held together by ________.

A) carbon bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) ionic bonds
D) nonpolar covalent bonds
E) polar covalent bonds

Question 76

Which of the following statements about ATP is false?

A) It drives the transport of certain solutes (e.g., amino acids) across cell membranes.
B) It activates contractile proteins in muscle cells so that cells can shorten and perform mechanical work.
C) It provides the energy needed to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions.
D) It is a modified nucleotide.
E) Its energy is captured in high-energy hydrogen bonds.

Question 77

The four most common elements in the human body, in order of descending quantity, are hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Question 78

Which of the following is a protein?

A) cholesterol
B) antibody
C) glucose
D) triglyceride
E) RNA

Question 79

The number of protons in an atom equals the atomic number for that element.

Question 80

Nucleotides are composed of ________.

A) three fatty acid chains and one glycerol
B) peptide bonds
C) a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base
D) four fused carbon rings
E) amino acids with an amine group and an acid group