Deck 15: The Urinary System

Question 1

Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma except for ________.

A) water
B) blood proteins
C) solutes
D) electrolytes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The medial indentation where the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves are connected to the kidney is called the ________.

A) renal capsule
B) renal column
C) renal pyramid
D) renal hilum

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The process that removes ions such as potassium and hydrogen from the blood and places them into the nephron for removal from the body as urine is known as ________.

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) tubular secretion
D) osmosis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The blood vessel carrying blood from the aorta into the kidney is the ________.

A) hepatic artery
B) renal artery
C) renal vein
D) glomerulus

Question 5

The functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine is the ________.

A) glomerulus
B) nephron
C) renal pyramid
D) renal pelvis

Question 6

Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The nephron loop, or loop of Henle, is indicated by ________.

A) Label I
B) Label J
C) Label K
D) Label M
E) Label O

Question 7

Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The proximal convoluted tubule is indicated by ________.

A) Label M
B) Label N
C) Label O
D) Label I
E) Label F

Question 8

Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The peritubular capillaries are indicated by ________.

A) Label N
B) Label M
C) Label O
D) Label L
E) Label K

Question 9

Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The cortical radiate artery is indicated by ________.

A) Label E
B) Label A
C) Label I
D) Label M
E) Label D

Question 10

Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The glomerulus is indicated by ________.

A) Label F
B) Label I
C) Label K
D) Label O
E) Label M

Question 11

There are three regions of the kidney; the outermost region is known as the ________.

A) renal medulla
B) renal cortex
C) renal pelvis
D) renal hilum

Question 12

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
The renal pelvis is indicated by ________.

A) Label E
B) Label A
C) Label G
D) Label F
E) Label B

Question 13

Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The efferent arteriole is indicated by ________.

A) Label D
B) Label C
C) Label L
D) Label K
E) Label B

Question 14

Filtrate formed during glomerular filtration is captured by the ________.

A) renal pyramid
B) renal hilum
C) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
D) renal column

Question 15

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
The renal cortex is indicated by ________.

A) Label F
B) Label G
C) Label D
D) Label E
E) Label A

Question 16

Renal (medullary) pyramids are separated by extensions of cortex-like tissue called the ________.

A) renal columns
B) renal pelvis
C) renal hilum
D) renal capsule

Question 17

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
A calyx is indicated by ________.

A) Label G
B) Label F
C) Label A
D) Label B
E) Label C

Question 18

The blood vessel directly feeding the glomerulus with blood from the cortical radiate artery is the ________.

A) peritubular capillary
B) efferent arteriole
C) renal vein
D) afferent arteriole

Question 19

Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) is indicated by ________.

A) Label G
B) Label F
C) Label A
D) Label I
E) Label C

Question 20

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
The ureter is indicated by ________.

A) Label E
B) Label A
C) Label G
D) Label F
E) Label B

Question 21

A strong acid will dissociate and liberate more ________ ions in water than a weak acid.

A) bicarbonate
B) hydrogen
C) sodium
D) potassium

Question 22

The inability to voluntarily control the external urethral sphincter is known as ________.

A) incontinence
B) urinary retention
C) urgency
D) hyperplasia

Question 23

A feeling that it is necessary to void, which is experienced more regularly in the elderly, is known as ________.

A) urgency
B) nocturia
C) frequency
D) urethritis

Question 24

Which one of the following is NOT one of the functions of the kidneys?

A) manufacture urine
B) convert vitamin D from its inactive to its active form
C) dispose of metabolic waste products
D) produce hormones that assist in digestion
E) regulate blood volume

Question 25

About two-thirds of body fluid is found within living cells; this fluid is called the ________.

A) lymph
B) plasma
C) extracellular fluid or ECF
D) intracellular fluid or ICF

Question 26

The smooth triangular region of the urinary bladder base that is outlined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the ________.

A) trigone
B) calyx
C) pelvis
D) hilum

Question 27

The kidneys can help maintain a rising blood pH by excreting ________ ions and reabsorbing ________ ions by the tubule cells.

A) bicarbonate; hydrogen
B) carbon dioxide; oxygen
C) ammonia; carbonic acid
D) hydrogen; bicarbonate

Question 28

Which organ filters blood, regulates blood volume and chemical makeup?

A) kidney
B) ureter
C) liver
D) urinary bladder
E) urethra

Question 29

The process of emptying the urinary bladder is known as voiding or ________.

A) urgency
B) incontinence
C) micturition
D) nocturia

Question 30

The involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed is called the ________.

A) external urethral sphincter
B) internal anal sphincter
C) internal urethral sphincter
D) ileocecal sphincter

Question 31

The abnormal condition that results from the lack of ADH release, causing huge amounts of very dilute urine to be voided, is called ________.

A) diabetes insipidus
B) glomerulonephritis
C) diabetes mellitus
D) urethritis

Question 32

Inflammation of the urethra is called ________.

A) pyelonephritis
B) urethritis
C) cystitis
D) glomerulonephritis

Question 33

The tube connecting each kidney to the urinary bladder is the ________.

A) urethra
B) calyx
C) ureter
D) ductus (vas) deferens

Question 34

Highly sensitive cells within the hypothalamus that react to changes in blood composition and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) when appropriate are called ________.

A) thermoreceptors
B) baroreceptors
C) mechanoreceptors
D) osmoreceptors

Question 35

Specific gravity is the term used to compare how much heavier urine is than ________.

A) distilled water
B) milk
C) saliva
D) blood

Question 36

Arterial blood pH above 7.45 is considered to be ________.

A) acidosis
B) normal
C) alkalosis
D) physiological acidosis

Question 37

The hormone released by the posterior pituitary to prevent excessive water loss in the urine is ________.

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) insulin

Question 38

The need to urinate frequently at night, which plagues over 50% of the elderly, is called ________.

A) nocturia
B) incontinence
C) urgency
D) cystitis

Question 39

Untreated streptococcal infections in childhood that can lead to the kidney infection characterized by antigen-antibody complexes clogging the glomerular filters is known as ________.

A) cystitis
B) hypospadias
C) urethritis
D) glomerulonephritis

Question 40

The driving force for water intake is ________.

A) metabolism
B) the thirst mechanism
C) the renin-angiotensin mechanism
D) glomerular filtration

Question 41

Renal calculi can lead to ________.

A) hematuria
B) diabetes mellitus
C) bilirubinuria
D) ketonuria
E) hepatitis

Question 42

The capillary bed surrounding the renal tubule is the ________.

A) afferent arteriole
B) segmental arteries
C) peritubular capillaries
D) cortical radiate arteries
E) glomerular capillaries

Question 43

Which one of the following terms describes the location of the kidneys?

A) suprarenal
B) retroperineal
C) adrenal
D) intraperitoneal
E) retroperitoneal

Question 44

Most nephrons are located within the renal ________.

A) pelvis
B) calyces
C) medulla
D) pyramids
E) cortex

Question 45

The percentage of filtrate eventually reabsorbed into the bloodstream is closest to ________.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 80%
E) 99%

Question 46

Items in the blood that are NOT filtered will travel from the glomerulus to the ________.

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
B) afferent arteriole
C) efferent arteriole
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Question 47

The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called ________.

A) micturition
B) tubular secretion
C) glomerular filtration
D) tubular reabsorption
E) glomerular reabsorption

Question 48

Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine?

A) blood proteins
B) red blood cells
C) hemoglobin
D) white blood cells
E) creatinine

Question 49

The triangular regions of the kidneys that are striped in appearance and separated by the renal columns are the ________.

A) renal cortex
B) renal fascia
C) renal (medullary) pyramids
D) renal pelvis
E) calyces

Question 50

Dilute urine would have a specific gravity closest to ________.

A) 0.005
B) 1.001
C) 1.010
D) 1.020
E) 1.030

Question 51

Determine the possible cause of bile pigments in the urine ________.

A) diabetes mellitus
B) kidney infection
C) hypertension
D) kidney stones
E) liver disease

Question 52

Which one of the following is NOT a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions?

A) glucose
B) urea
C) amino acids
D) sodium
E) water

Question 53

The portion of the renal tubule closest to the glomerulus is the ________.

A) collecting duct
B) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
C) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
D) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
E) nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Question 54

What region of the kidney is deep to the renal cortex?

A) renal fascia
B) renal medulla
C) renal column
D) calyx
E) renal hilum

Question 55

Nitrogenous waste products, such as urea and uric acid, are ________.

A) filtered and usually reabsorbed
B) filtered but poorly reabsorbed
C) not filtered
D) not filtered but often reabsorbed
E) only secreted

Question 56

As venous blood is drained from the kidney, which path does it follow ________.

A) cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
B) renal vein, interlobar veins, segmental veins, arcuate veins
C) arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
D) renal vein, segmental veins, interlobar veins, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins
E) cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, segmental veins, renal vein

Question 57

Filtrate typically does NOT contain ________.

A) water
B) blood proteins
C) glucose
D) ions
E) amino acids

Question 58

Starting from the glomerular capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is ________.

A) proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle)
B) distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), proximal convoluted tubule
C) nephron loop (loop of Henle), proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), distal convoluted tubule
E) distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Question 59

Of the capillary beds associated with each nephron, the one that is both fed and drained by arterioles is the ________.

A) peritubular capillaries
B) pyramidal capillaries
C) glomerulus
D) Henle capillaries
E) Bowman's capillaries

Question 60

In a 24-hour period, a typical volume of urine production is ________.

A) 0.5 L
B) 0.9 L
C) 1.4 L
D) 2.0 L
E) 3.4 L

Question 61

Which of the following is the major stimulus for the thirst mechanism?

A) hunger
B) decreased urination
C) increased osmolarity of blood plasma
D) defecation
E) increased saliva production

Question 62

Which one of the following is NOT one of the major roles of the kidneys in normal healthy adults?

A) excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes
B) maintenance of water balance of the blood
C) maintenance of electrolyte balance of the blood
D) conversion of ammonia to bicarbonate ion
E) ensuring proper blood pH

Question 63

The voluntarily controlled sphincter fashioned by skeletal muscle at the point where the urethra passes through the pelvic floor is called the ________.

A) internal urethral sphincter
B) internal anal sphincter
C) external urethral sphincter
D) trigone
E) detrusor sphincter

Question 64

The main hormone that acts on the kidneys to regulate sodium ion concentration of the extracellullar fluid (ECF) is ________.

A) ADH
B) renin
C) secretin
D) aldosterone
E) epinephrine

Question 65

Why is the trigone of the urinary bladder clinically important?

A) The trigone is longer in males than in females.
B) Infections tend to persist in the trigone.
C) Females have a trigone but males lack the trigone.
D) The prostate gland is present in males in the trigone.
E) Both sperm and urine pass through the trigone in males.

Question 66

In males, the urethra is part of both the urinary system and ________.

A) endocrine system
B) digestive system
C) immune system
D) respiratory system
E) reproductive system

Question 67

The urinary bladder is able to expand as urine accumulates within it due to the presence of ________.

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) transitional epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) pseudostratified epithelium
E) sphincters

Question 68

In one 24-hour period, the kidneys of an average-sized healthy adult filter approximately ________ through their glomeruli into the tubules.

A) 10-15 liters of blood plasma
B) 50-75 liters of blood plasma
C) 100-125 liters of blood plasma
D) 150-180 liters of blood plasma
E) 200-240 liters of blood plasma

Question 69

Urine is transported from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the ________.

A) ureter
B) trigone
C) prostate gland
D) urethra
E) collecting duct

Question 70

The average adult urinary bladder is moderately full with ________ of urine within it.

A) 100 mL
B) 500 mL
C) 1 liter
D) 2 liters
E) 1 gallon

Question 71

What role does angiotensin II play in restoring blood pressure to normal?

A) Angiotension II promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium from the filtrate.
B) Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption of both sodium and water from the filtrate.
C) Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to vasoconstrict.
D) Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption of water from the filtrate.
E) Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to vasodilate.

Question 72

Antidiuretic hormone prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the ________.

A) glomerulus
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct
E) urinary bladder

Question 73

Extracellular fluid is found everywhere in the body EXCEPT ________.

A) within living cells
B) blood plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) cerebrospinal fluid
E) humors of the eye and lymph

Question 74

The chemical buffer system that includes carbonic acid and its salt, which ties up the H⁺ released by strong acids, is called the ________.

A) phosphate buffer system
B) protein buffer system
C) ionic buffer system
D) bicarbonate buffer system
E) carbonic buffer system

Question 75

Which of these chemicals dissociates completely and liberates all the hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?

A) strong acids
B) weak acids
C) neutral substances
D) weak bases
E) strong bases

Question 76

Who has the highest percentage of water in the body?

A) adult male
B) adult female
C) infant
D) elderly female
E) elderly male

Question 77

What stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?

A) high blood pressure
B) high blood sodium levels
C) low blood pressure
D) low blood potassium levels
E) high blood volume

Question 78

Aldosterone does NOT directly or indirectly regulate ________.

A) sodium
B) chlorine
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) glucose

Question 79

The process of emptying the urinary bladder is referred to as voiding or ________.

A) nocturia
B) filtration
C) urethritis
D) incontinence
E) micturition

Question 80

The micturition reflex forces urine into the upper part of the ________.

A) urethra
B) ureter
C) urinary bladder
D) kidney
E) rectum