Deck 15: The Urinary System

Question 1

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The efferent arteriole is indicated by ________.

A) Label D
B) Label C
C) Label L
D) Label K
E) Label B

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The medial indentation where the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves are connected to the kidney is called the ________.

A) renal capsule
B) renal column
C) renal pyramid
D) renal hilum

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which blood vessel directly feeds the glomerulus with blood from the cortical radiate artery?

A) peritubular capillary
B) efferent arteriole
C) renal vein
D) afferent arteriole

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Filtrate formed during glomerular filtration is captured by the ________.

A) renal pyramid
B) renal hilum
C) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
D) renal column

Question 5

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The proximal convoluted tubule is indicated by ________.

A) Label M
B) Label N
C) Label O
D) Label I
E) Label F

Question 6

What extensions of cortex-like tissue separate the renal (medullary) pyramids?

A) renal columns
B) renal pelvis
C) renal hilum
D) renal capsule

Question 7

What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine?

A) glomerulus
B) nephron
C) renal pyramid
D) renal pelvis

Question 8

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
The renal pelvis is indicated by ________.

A) Label E
B) Label A
C) Label G
D) Label F
E) Label B

Question 9

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The nephron loop, or loop of Henle, is indicated by ________.

A) Label I
B) Label J
C) Label K
D) Label M
E) Label O

Question 10

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
The renal cortex is indicated by ________.

A) Label F
B) Label G
C) Label D
D) Label E
E) Label A

Question 11

From outermost to innermost, what are the three regions of the kidney?

A) renal medulla, renal cortex, renal hilum
B) renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
C) renal pelvis, renal pyramids, renal columns
D) renal hilum, renal medulla, renal cortex

Question 12

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) is indicated by ________.

A) Label G
B) Label F
C) Label A
D) Label I
E) Label C

Question 13

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
The ureter is indicated by ________.

A) Label E
B) Label A
C) Label G
D) Label F
E) Label B

Question 14

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The cortical radiate artery is indicated by ________.

A) Label E
B) Label A
C) Label I
D) Label M
E) Label D

Question 15

The process that removes ions such as potassium and hydrogen from the blood and places them into the nephron for removal from the body as urine is known as ________.

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) tubular secretion
D) osmosis

Question 16

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The glomerulus is indicated by ________.

A) Label F
B) Label I
C) Label K
D) Label O
E) Label M

Question 17

Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, identify the following:
The peritubular capillaries are indicated by ________.

A) Label N
B) Label M
C) Label O
D) Label L
E) Label K

Question 18

What blood vessel carries blood from the aorta into the kidney?

A) hepatic artery
B) renal artery
C) renal vein
D) glomerulus

Question 19

Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma EXCEPT for ________.

A) water
B) blood proteins
C) solutes
D) electrolytes

Question 20

Using Figure 15.1, identify the following:
A calyx is indicated by ________.

A) Label G
B) Label F
C) Label A
D) Label B
E) Label C

Question 21

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

A) blood buffers
B) thirst mechanism
C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 22

The kidneys can help maintain a blood pH which is approaching the alkaline end of its range by excreting ________ ions.

A) bicarbonate
B) oxygen
C) ammonia
D) hydrogen

Question 23

Inflammation of the urethra is called ________.

A) pyelonephritis
B) urethritis
C) cystitis
D) glomerulonephritis

Question 24

What tube connects each kidney to the urinary bladder?

A) urethra
B) calyx
C) ureter
D) ductus (vas) deferens

Question 25

Which congenital condition is found in male babies only and arises when the urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis?

A) renal calculi
B) glomerulonephritis
C) hypospadias
D) cystitis

Question 26

The process of emptying the urinary bladder is known as voiding or ________.

A) urgency
B) incontinence
C) micturition
D) nocturia

Question 27

The inability to voluntarily control the external urethral sphincter is known as ________.

A) incontinence
B) urinary retention
C) urgency
D) hyperplasia

Question 28

Substances intended for tubular reabsorption travel from the filtrate of the proximal convoluted tubule next to the ________.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
C) peritubular capillaries
D) glomerulus

Question 29

What is the driving force for water intake?

A) metabolism
B) the thirst mechanism
C) the renin-angiotensin mechanism
D) glomerular filtration

Question 30

The smooth triangular region of the urinary bladder base that is outlined by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the ________.

A) trigone
B) calyx
C) pelvis
D) hilum

Question 31

Which one of the following is NOT one of the functions of the kidneys?

A) manufacture urine
B) convert vitamin D from its inactive to its active form
C) dispose of metabolic waste products
D) produce hormones that assist in digestion
E) regulate blood volume

Question 32

Arterial blood pH above 7.45 is considered to be ________.

A) acidosis
B) normal
C) alkalosis
D) physiological acidosis

Question 33

A feeling that it is necessary to void, which is experienced more regularly in the elderly, is known as ________.

A) urgency
B) nocturia
C) frequency
D) urethritis

Question 34

Untreated streptococcal infections in childhood can lead to the kidney condition known as ________.

A) cystitis
B) hypospadias
C) urethritis
D) glomerulonephritis

Question 35

About two-thirds of body fluid is found within living cells; this fluid is called the ________.

A) lymph
B) plasma
C) extracellular fluid or ECF
D) intracellular fluid or ICF

Question 36

Which organ filters blood, regulates blood volume and chemical makeup?

A) kidney
B) ureter
C) liver
D) urinary bladder
E) urethra

Question 37

What abnormal condition results from the lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, causing huge amounts of very dilute urine to be voided?

A) diabetes insipidus
B) glomerulonephritis
C) diabetes mellitus
D) urethritis

Question 38

What is the name of the involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed?

A) external urethral sphincter
B) internal anal sphincter
C) internal urethral sphincter
D) ileocecal sphincter

Question 39

What are the highly sensitive cells within the hypothalamus that react to changes in blood composition and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) when appropriate?

A) thermoreceptors
B) baroreceptors
C) mechanoreceptors
D) osmoreceptors

Question 40

A strong acid will dissociate and liberate more ________ ions in water than a weak acid.

A) bicarbonate
B) hydrogen
C) sodium
D) potassium

Question 41

Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine?

A) blood proteins
B) red blood cells
C) hemoglobin
D) white blood cells
E) creatinine

Question 42

What could be a possible cause of bile pigments in the urine?

A) diabetes mellitus
B) kidney infection
C) hypertension
D) kidney stones
E) liver disease

Question 43

Items in the blood that are NOT filtered will travel from the glomerulus to the ________.

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
B) afferent arteriole
C) efferent arteriole
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Question 44

Which one of the following is NOT a substance typically reabsorbed by the tubules under normal healthy conditions?

A) glucose
B) urea
C) amino acids
D) sodium
E) water

Question 45

Starting from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, the correct order of the renal tubule regions is ________.

A) proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle)
B) distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), proximal convoluted tubule
C) nephron loop (loop of Henle), proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), distal convoluted tubule
E) distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Question 46

Where are most nephrons located?

A) renal pelvis
B) calyces
C) renal medulla
D) renal pyramids
E) renal cortex

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT typically found in filtrate?

A) water
B) blood proteins
C) glucose
D) ions
E) amino acids

Question 48

The triangular regions of the kidneys that are striped in appearance and separated by the renal columns are the ________.

A) renal cortex
B) renal fascia
C) renal (medullary) pyramids
D) renal pelvis
E) calyces

Question 49

What is the name of the capillary bed that surrounds the renal tubule?

A) afferent arteriole
B) segmental arteries
C) peritubular capillaries
D) cortical radiate arteries
E) glomerular capillaries

Question 50

Of the capillary beds associated with each nephron, which one is both fed and drained by arterioles?

A) peritubular capillaries
B) pyramidal capillaries
C) glomerulus
D) Henle capillaries
E) Bowman's capillaries

Question 51

In a 24-hour period, how much urine is typically produced?

A) 0.5 L
B) 0.9 L
C) 1.4 L
D) 2.0 L
E) 3.4 L

Question 52

The portion of the renal tubule closest to the glomerulus is the ________.

A) collecting duct
B) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
C) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
D) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
E) nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Question 53

Dilute urine would have a specific gravity closest to ________.

A) 0.005
B) 1.001
C) 1.010
D) 1.020
E) 1.030

Question 54

The percentage of filtrate eventually reabsorbed into the bloodstream is closest to ________.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 80%
E) 99%

Question 55

What region of the kidney is deep to the renal cortex?

A) renal fascia
B) renal medulla
C) renal column
D) calyx
E) renal hilum

Question 56

The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called ________.

A) micturition
B) tubular secretion
C) glomerular filtration
D) tubular reabsorption
E) glomerular reabsorption

Question 57

Which one of the following terms describes the location of the kidneys?

A) suprarenal
B) retroperineal
C) adrenal
D) intraperitoneal
E) retroperitoneal

Question 58

The highest concentration of urea should be found in the ________.

A) blood
B) lymph
C) urine
D) intracellular fluid
E) extracellular fluid

Question 59

As venous blood is drained from the kidney, identify the path it follows.

A) cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
B) renal vein, interlobar veins, segmental veins, arcuate veins
C) arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
D) renal vein, segmental veins, interlobar veins, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins
E) cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, segmental veins, renal vein

Question 60

Liver disease, such as hepatitis, can lead to ________.

A) hematuria
B) diabetes mellitus
C) bilirubinuria
D) ketonuria
E) proteinuria

Question 61

What is the most common route for water loss?

A) insensible water loss through the skin
B) insensible water loss through the lungs
C) feces
D) urine
E) sweat

Question 62

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the ________.

A) glomerulus
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct
E) urinary bladder

Question 63

The micturition reflex forces urine into the upper part of the ________.

A) urethra
B) ureter
C) urinary bladder
D) kidney
E) rectum

Question 64

The urinary bladder is able to expand as urine accumulates within it due to the presence of a specialized mucosa called ________.

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) transitional epithelium
C) stratified squamous epithelium
D) pseudostratified epithelium
E) sphincters

Question 65

The main hormone that acts on the kidneys to regulate sodium ion concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is ________.

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) renin
C) secretin
D) aldosterone
E) epinephrine

Question 66

What role does angiotensin II play in restoring blood pressure to normal?

A) Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium from the filtrate.
B) Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption of both sodium and water from the filtrate.
C) Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to vasoconstrict.
D) Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption of water from the filtrate.
E) Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to vasodilate.

Question 67

In males, the urethra is part of both the urinary system and ________.

A) endocrine system
B) digestive system
C) immune system
D) respiratory system
E) reproductive system

Question 68

The voluntarily controlled sphincter fashioned by skeletal muscle at the point where the urethra passes through the pelvic floor is called the ________.

A) internal urethral sphincter
B) internal anal sphincter
C) external urethral sphincter
D) trigone
E) detrusor sphincter

Question 69

Why is the trigone of the urinary bladder clinically important?

A) The trigone is longer in males than in females.
B) Infections tend to persist in the trigone.
C) Females have a trigone but males lack the trigone.
D) The prostate gland is present in males in the trigone.
E) Both sperm and urine pass through the trigone in males.

Question 70

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is found everywhere in the body EXCEPT ________.

A) within living cells
B) blood plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) cerebrospinal fluid
E) humors of the eye and lymph

Question 71

What stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?

A) high blood pressure
B) high blood sodium levels
C) low blood pressure
D) low blood potassium levels
E) high blood volume

Question 72

Which of the following is the major stimulus for the thirst mechanism?

A) hunger
B) decreased urination
C) increased solute content of blood plasma
D) defecation
E) increased saliva production

Question 73

What term describes abnormally low urine output, around 100 to 400 mL per day?

A) nocturia
B) oliguria
C) anuria
D) hematuria
E) glycouria

Question 74

Which of these chemicals dissociates completely and liberates all the hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?

A) strong acids
B) weak acids
C) neutral substances
D) weak bases
E) strong bases

Question 75

On average, what percentage of the adult female's body is made of water?

A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 65%
E) 80%

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT directly or indirectly regulated by aldosterone?

A) sodium
B) chlorine
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) glucose

Question 77

What tube transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body?

A) ureter
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) urethra
E) collecting duct

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT True of the differences between the male and female urethrae?

A) The male urethra is part of both the urinary and reproductive systems while the female urethra is only part of the urinary system.
B) The male urethra opens at the tip of the penis while the female urethra opens anterior to the vagina opening.
C) The male urethra transports both urine and sperm (but never at the same time) while the only function of the female urethra is to transport urine.
D) The male urethra has three different regions: prostatic, membranous, and spongy while the female urethra lacks these regions.
E) The male urethra is the same length as the female urethra.

Question 79

Who has the highest percentage of water in the body?

A) adult male
B) adult female
C) infant
D) elderly female
E) elderly male

Question 80

Which chemical buffer system includes carbonic acid and its salt and ties up hydrogen ions (H⁺) released by strong acids?

A) phosphate buffer system
B) protein buffer system
C) ionic buffer system
D) bicarbonate buffer system
E) acid-base buffer system