Deck 5: Natural Selection and the Origin of Species

Question 1

Scientists theorize that life began to form more than _____ years ago:

A)8 billion
B)3 ½ billion
C)100 million
D)50 million

Answer 1

3 ½ billion

Question 2

A selective agent places __________on certain individuals in the population.

A)selective advantage
B)selective pressure
C)differential pressure
D)differential advantage

Answer 2

selective pressure

Question 3

Selective agents act on the ______ of members of the population.

A)genotype
B)phenotype

Answer 3

phenotype

Question 4

Any factor which brings about differential fertility is called a:

A)selective agent
B)selective pressure
C)mutation agent
D)mutation rate

Question 5

Microevolution refers to:

A)any change in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a population
B)only changes that occur due to natural selection
C)only changes due to mutations
D)the evolution of new species

Question 6

The specific place where a particular animal lives is that animal's:

A)habitat
B)environment
C)ecological niche
D)none of the above

Question 7

The specific term used for the elements of the environment that are products of human behavior is the:

A)ecological niche
B)physical environment
C)cultural environment
D)habitat

Question 8

The deliberate breeding of domesticated plants or animals is called:

A)natural selection
B)artificial selection
C)breeding selection
D)sexual selection

Question 9

Fitness refers to:

A)characteristics a society values,such as education
B)health and strength of an organism
C)resistance to disease
D)how well an individual or population is adapted to the requirements imposed by the environment

Question 10

An example of a selective agent in humans would be:

A)smallpox
B)an earthquake
C)a flood
D)all of the above

Question 11

Fitness is:

A)a measure of how well a particular individual or group is adapted to the requirements imposed by the environment
B)the degree of physical strength an organism has in relationship to other organisms of its species
C)a measure of the degree of good health an organism or group of organisms displays
D)b and c

Question 12

The presence of several distinct forms within a population-such as A,B,O,and AB blood types-is termed:

A)pleiotropy
B)polytypy
C)polymorphism
D)none of the above

Question 13

Each species occupies a _______ that is defined in terms of space and how that space is used by the organism.

A)ecological niche
B)habitat
C)microenvironment
D)microhabitat

Question 14

An example of a possible selective agent would be a:

A)disease organism
B)drug
C)carnivore
D)all of the above

Question 15

Fitness:

A)varies with the situation
B)always remains constant even with changing environments
C)never is greater for the heterozygous than the homozygous individual
D)is always greatest for the homozygous individual

Question 16

Darwin's finches are found in:

A)the Hawaiian Islands
B)the Galápagos Islands
C)the Trobriand Islands
D)New Guinea

Question 17

Fitness could best be measured by how:

A)strong the individual is
B)healthy the individual is
C)many offspring the individual has
D)many dominant alleles the individual has

Question 18

The term ecological niche refers to:

A)everything external to the organism
B)the microenvironment
C)the way the microenvironment is exploited by the organism
D)b and c

Question 19

Mosquitoes have been controlled in most parts of the world by the spraying of DDT.But after years of repeated sprayings,the number of mosquitoes has been increasing in spite of the continued use of DDT because:

A)each new generation of mosquitoes grew up with DDT as a part of the environment and gradually developed immunity
B)mosquitoes exposed to nonlethal concentrations of DDT learned to avoid food and other matters sprayed with DDT
C)DDT-resistant mosquitoes survived to breed,as did their offspring,until more and more of each year's mosquitoes were resistant
D)none of the above

Question 20

The living elements which surround an organism,such as plant life,are the:

A)physical environment
B)biological environment
C)cultural environment
D)microenvironment

Question 21

The ABO blood type system may have a selective advantage to:

A)hemolytic disease
B)ulcers
C)disease organisms
D)all of the above

Question 22

Hemoglobin S conveys a selective advantage to:

A)tuberculosis
B)malaria
C)smallpox
D)yaws

Question 23

A person with the sickle-cell traits is:

A)is homozygous for HbA
B)is homozygous for HbS
C)is heterozygous

Question 24

A person who develops the disease sickle-cell anemia:

A)is homozygous for HbA
B)is homozygous for HbS
C)is heterozygous

Question 25

The increase in the incidence of malaria in Africa historically was most directly related to the development of:

A)fishing
B)herding
C)agriculture
D)industrialism

Question 26

When natural selection favors the two extremes and individuals near the mean have lower fertility rates,this is termed:

A)directional selection
B)disruptive selection
C) stabilizing selection
D)averaging selection

Question 27

Relatively high frequencies of hemoglobin S are found in:

A)Central Africa
B)Southern Europe
C)Middle East
D)all of the above

Question 28

Characteristics that increase the success of a male competing for females will increase over time through:

A)natural selection
B)gender selection
C)sexual selection
D)competition selection

Question 29

Peter and Rosemary Grant observed natural selection taking place on the island of Daphne Major locat-ed:

A)in the Channel Islands off the coast of California
B)off the east coast of South Africa
C)in the Andaman Islands off the west coast of Thailand
D)in the Galápagos Islands off the west coast of South America

Question 30

During a drought on Daphne Major,the larger and harder seeds were available to eat so:

A)birds with smaller beaks had an advantage
B)birds with larger beaks had an advantage
C)no birds died since there was still some food available
D)birds of every size died in equal numbers

Question 31

In a case of balanced polymorphism resulting from heterozygous advantage the greatest fitness is associated with the genotype(s):

A)AA
B)Aa
C)aa
D)AA and Aa

Question 32

Malaria is caused by:

A)the genetic coding for an abnormal hemoglobin
B)a virus carried by rats
C)humid weather conditions
D)parasites of the blood transmitted by mosquitos

Question 33

Which of the following statements is logically correct? People in Africa were dying of malaria:

A)so the sickle cell allele came into being
B)so mutation occurred that would protect them
C)but an allele existed which provided some protection against malaria to those who have the allele

Question 34

As a result of a drought,the average size of a bird's beaks on Daphne Major increased.This is an example of:

A)directional selection
B)disruptive selection
C)stabilizing selection
D)averaging selection

Question 35

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by the presence of _____ within the red blood cells.

A)hemoglobin S (HbS)
B)hemoglobin A₂ (HbA₂)
C)hemoglobin A (HbA)
D)fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

Question 36

When the Grants measured the beaks of the birds on Daphne Major after the drought,they found:

A)a large number of the birds had died as a result of the drought
B)the survivors of the drought had a larger average beak size
C)beak size is inherited so the next generation had a larger average beak size
D)all of the above

Question 37

Which of the following statements is incorrect about the ABO blood type system?

A)there are three major alleles for the system
B)there appears to be selective significance between the ABO system and certain types of diseases
C)blood type O is the most frequent blood type in all human populations
D)one or more of the four ABO blood types could be absent from a specific population

Question 38

Studies of Darwin's finches were done by:

A)Peter and Rosemary Grant
B)Louis and Mary Leakey
C)Robert and Rebecca Fitzroy
D)Richard and Meave Leakey

Question 39

A situation in which the heterozygous individual is the best fit results in a situation referred to as:

A)allele maintenance
B)balanced heterozygosity
C)balanced polymorphism
D)heterozygote maintenance

Question 40

Human infants that are lighter or heavier in weight do not survive as well as those of average weight.This is an example of:

A)directional selection
B)disruptive selection
C)stabilizing selection
D)averaging selection

Question 41

Inclusive fitness refers to:

A)one's personal fitness plus the fitness that all of one's relatives contribute to the individual
B)one's fitness plus that individual's influence on the fitness of all relatives
C)one's fitness plus the fitness of one's mate
D)the additive fitness that an individual possesses for all environmental situations that the individual is exposed to

Question 42

Based on the theory of kin selection,you should perform the most altruism toward your:

A)aunt
B)grandfather
C)sibling
D)cousin

Question 43

Which of the following is not true about human mate choice?

A)males value appearance more than females
B)females value educational background and favorable social status more than males
C)males prefer younger women
D)culture has no influence on traits that males and females prefer

Question 44

David Buss's study of human mate choice led him to conclude:

A)males prefer women who will reproduce successfully
B)females prefer men who can provide resources
C)many mate preferences are found cross-culturally
D)all of the above

Question 45

An example of intersexual selection would be:

A)females preferring males with large,safe territories
B)the peacock having a brightly colored tail
C)males being significantly larger than females
D)a and b

Question 46

The coefficient of relatedness between a parent and offspring is:

A)1
B)½
C)¼
D)⅛

Question 47

Evolutionary biologists define altruism as behavior that:

A)decreases the reproductive success of the individual,but benefits the reproductive success of another individual
B)benefits the reproductive success of another individual without having any effect on the fitness of the individual doing the altruism
C)increases the reproductive success of the individual,but decreases the reproductive success of another individual
D)benefits the reproductive success of both the individual doing the altruism and the other individual involved

Question 48

An individual who acts to increase the fitness of a close relative is demonstrating:

A)reciprocal altruism
B)kin favoring
C)kin selection
D)sexual selection

Question 49

Because inclusive fitness refers to altruistic acts that benefit relatives,it is sometimes called:

A)altruistic selection
B)genetic determinism
C)relative selection
D)kin selection

Question 50

Darwinian psychologists:

A)study the life and mind of Charles Darwin
B)study the role of natural selection in human behavior
C)state that all human behavior is biologically driven
D)b and c

Question 51

A female's reproductive success is limited most by ____________;a male's reproductive success is most limited by ____________.

A)access to males;access to females
B)access to resources;access to females
C)access to males;access to resources
D)access to resources;access to resources

Question 52

Selection for traits that make males more attractive to females is termed:

A)intersexual selection
B)intrasexual selection
C)countersexual selection
D)infrasexual selection

Question 53

Macroevolution refers to:

A)large-scale evolutionary changes such as speciation
B)small-scale evolutionary changes based on natural selection
C)the relationship between humans and very large animals
D)how the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another species

Question 54

The coefficient of relatedness between siblings is:

A)1
B)½
C)¼
D)⅛

Question 55

Selection for traits that make males more able to compete directly for females is termed:

A)intersexual selection
B)intrasexual selection
C)countersexual selection
D)infrasexual selection

Question 56

Many anthropologists would agree that:

A)all human behavior is genetically determined
B)most human behavior is genetically determined
C)the potential range of human behavior is limited by genetic factors,but highly specific behaviors are not controlled by genes
D)genetics plays absolutely no role in influencing human behavior

Question 57

The large and colorful tail of the peacock is the result of:

A)intersexual selection
B)intrasexual selection
C)countersexual selection
D)infrasexual selection

Question 58

The measure of how likely two individuals are to share the same allele is called:

A)coefficient of relatedness
B)homozygosity
C)allele transference
D)kin selection

Question 59

Sexual dimorphism is a result of:

A)intersexual selection
B)intrasexual selection
C)countersexual selection
D)infrasexual selection

Question 60

The smallest possible population,the local population,is the:

A)cline
B)deme
C)race
D)species

Question 61

A necessity for speciation is some type of:

A)climatic change
B)spatial isolation
C)cataclysmic event
D)all of the above

Question 62

Reproductive isolation that results from incompatibility in mating behavior is termed:

A)ecological isolation
B)sexual isolation
C)seasonal isolation
D)mechanical isolation

Question 63

A specialized species:

A)is closely fitted to a specific niche
B)cannot tolerate much change in its niche
C)exhibits little variation
D)all of the above

Question 64

Specialization could lead to all except the following:

A)greater ability to adapt to a greater variety of ecological niches
B)evolutionary dead ends
C)speciation
D)a and c

Question 65

Which of the following are factors in speciation?

A)genetic drift
B)natural selection
C)mutation
D)all of the above

Question 66

Preadaptation:

A)refers to the potential to adapt to a new niche
B)refers to the need to adapt to a new niche
C)would more often characterize an ecologically specialized species as opposed to a generalized one
D)is not important to species that remain within one locality

Question 67

In evolutionary terms,the term competition means that populations:

A)show aggressive behavior toward one another
B)share the same territory
C)occupy the same or parts of the same niche
D)all of the above

Question 68

Speciation is usually initiated by:

A)mutation
B)nonrandom mating
C)allelic recombination
D)geographical isolation

Question 69

Which of the following is a postmating mechanism of reproductive isolation?

A)hybrid sterility
B)zygotic mortality
C)hybrid inviability
D)all of the above

Question 70

A cline is:

A)an asexually produced individual
B)a gradient
C)a new species
D)an isolating mechanism

Question 71

A species that can survive in a variety of ecological niches is known as a(n):

A)specialized species
B)ecological species
C)generalized species
D)niche species

Question 72

Generalization:

A)allows for a greater tolerance of environmental change
B)characterizes humans as a whole
C)characterizes the koala
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 73

Species that occupy mutually exclusive geographical areas are called:

A)allopatric species
B)ecological species
C)sympatric species
D)hybrid species

Question 74

A deme is:

A)a group of animals who mate most frequently with each other as opposed to other groups
B)the largest possible population
C)an infertile hybrid
D)microhabitat

Question 75

The mule represents an example of:

A)hybrid sterility
B)hybrid inviability
C)gametic mortality
D)sexual isolation

Question 76

Reproductive isolating mechanisms:

A)are initiated by geographic isolation
B)occur within a deme
C)occur before geographic isolation
D)a and b

Question 77

Spatial isolation:

A)cuts off gene flow between groups
B)allows reproductive isolating mechanisms to develop
C)allows for the genetic reconstitution of the separated populations
D)all of the above

Question 78

Different species living in the same area but prevented from successfully reproducing are called:

A)allopatric species
B)ecological species
C)sympatric species
D)hybrid species

Question 79

A distribution of frequencies that shows a systematic gradation over space is a:

A)graded distribution
B)clinal distribution
C)macro distribution
D)micro distribution

Question 80

In biological terms,a race is a:

A)species
B)subspecies
C)deme
D)cline