Deck 2: Environmental History: Learning From the Past

Question 1

What helped to limit the effects of hunter-gatherer societies on the environment? 

A) giving nature time to recuperate after they moved on 
B) high use of resources 
C) exponential growth of their populations 
D) reliance on fossil fuels as an energy source

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When did domestication of wild plants and animals occur? 

A) 5000 years ago 
B) 10 000 years ago 
C) 15 000 years ago 
D) 20 000 years ago

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In which country did the industrial-medical revolution begin? 

A) England 
B) the United States 
C) Japan 
D) France

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which human-resource relationship is NOT characteristic of a shift from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural society? 

A) Use of domesticated animals increased the average energy use per person. 
B) People began accumulating material goods. 
C) People used muscle, sun, and coal as energy sources. 
D) The population increased with the increased food supply.

Question 5

In which era did the industrial-medical evolution reach Canada? 

A) mid 1500s 
B) mid 1600s 
C) mid 1700s 
D) mid 1800s

Question 6

What is one characteristic of all major culture revolutions that have happened since the hunter-gatherer era? 

A) shorter life spans 
B) decreased resource consumption and pollution 
C) improved living standards 
D) decreased food supplies

Question 7

Which transition is characteristic of the industrial-medical revolution? 

A) a move from reliance on non-renewable energy resources to reliance on potentially renewable energy resources 
B) a move from farming employment to factory employment 
C) a move from large-scale production to small-scale production 
D) a move from higher crop productivity to lower crop productivity

Question 8

Which statement is NOT characteristic of early hunter-gatherer societies? 

A) They gradually developed tools and hunting weapons. 
B) They lived in small groups of 50 or less. 
C) They learned to hunt large game cooperatively. 
D) They had little knowledge about their natural surroundings.

Question 9

How many years has the species Homo sapiens sapiens lived on Earth? 

A) 4000 years 
B) 12 000 years 
C) 30000 years 
D) 60 000 years

Question 10

Which statement about slash-and-burn cultivation is true? 

A) it contours and terraces the land 
B) ashes from burned vegetation are left in place, which add plant nutrients to the soil 
C) crops are rotated yearly 
D) it ultimately leads to desertification

Question 11

What is NOT a change that occurred as a result of the shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies? 

A) specialized occupations and long-distance trade 
B) increased competition for resources 
C) equal work distribution among people 
D) growth of villages

Question 12

What was NOT a characteristic of advanced hunter-gatherer societies? 

A) Using fire to convert forests into grasslands 
B) Stampeding herds to get food 
C) Subduing and dominating most other forms of life 
D) Redistributing plant populations during migrations

Question 13

What is NOT a characteristic of the industrial-medical revolution? 

A) ability to utilize Earth's resources 
B) social concern for workers 
C) average per capita energy consumption 
D) economic growth

Question 14

What was NOT a characteristic of the agricultural revolution? 

A) spread of disease 
B) demand for minerals 
C) pollution 
D) respect for the environment

Question 15

What is the key characteristic of subsistence farmers? 

A) they tend to cause severe deforestation 
B) they grow only enough food to feed their families 
C) they require large, flat fields in grassland areas 
D) they use draft animals to pull plows

Question 16

What was probably NOT a characteristic of the first agricultural communities? 

A) slash-and-burn cultivation 
B) specialized farming of one crop 
C) subsistence agriculture 
D) shifting cultivation

Question 17

Which statement is NOT characteristic of relationships between early hunter-gatherers and the environment? 

A) Population size was low. 
B) They exploited their environment for food and other resources. 
C) They caused major environmental impacts. 
D) They used potentially renewable resources.

Question 18

What was NOT an outcome of the agricultural revolution? 

A) increased soil erosion 
B) increased manipulation of nature 
C) protection of wild plants and animals 
D) increased deforestation

Question 19

What was a major stimulus for the industrial-medical revolution? 

A) a shortage of wood 
B) the bubonic plague 
C) poverty 
D) the European wars

Question 20

What is one characteristic of the agricultural revolution? 

A) lack of concern for the natural world 
B) fertilizing to improve soil fertility 
C) cultivating wild plants 
D) decreasing population size

Question 21

Which decade is considered the golden age of conservation? 

A) 1890-1900 
B) 1900-1910 
C) 1910-1920 
D) 1920-1930

Question 22

What do preservationists and wise-use resource managers agree on? 

A) some public lands should remain untouched forever 
B) sustainable yield is the best management principle 
C) multiple use is the best management principle 
D) public lands should be managed to benefit the greatest number of people

Question 23

What are both Henry David Thoreau and George Perkins Marsh called? 

A) Native Americans 
B) industrialists 
C) land barons 
D) conservationists

Question 24

Which U.S.president tripled the amount of land in the National Wilderness System and doubled the area administered by the National ParkSystem? 

A) Nixon 
B) Kennedy 
C) Carter 
D) Reagan

Question 25

Which environmental event did NOT occur during the 1960s? 

A) Ecology emerged as a science and received media attention. 
B) Rachel Carson wrote "Silent Spring". 
C) The first annual Earth Day was held. 
D) The Ecology Action Centre was established in the Maritimes.

Question 26

What was the CCC? 

A) a world conference that focused on conservation issues 
B) a group of western ranchers that wanted free range for cattle 
C) a group of unemployed -people employed to do conservation projects for the government 
D) a conservation lobby that supported significant environmental legislation

Question 27

In which year was -CITES created? 

A) 1965 
B) 1975 
C) 1978 
D) 1985

Question 28

What was an outcome of the early industrial-medical revolution? 

A) an increased number of coal-mining jobs 
B) negative human population growth 
C) movement of human populations from urban to rural communities 
D) a decreased number of assembly-line jobs

Question 29

Who developed the Sierra Club in 1892? 

A) Theodore Roosevelt 
B) Aldo Leopold 
C) Gifford Pinchot 
D) John Muir

Question 30

Which situation is least likely for most citizens of industrialized countries? 

A) a higher average life expectancy 
B) continued exponential growth of the human population 
C) an increase in average agricultural production per person 
D) more affordable material goods

Question 31

What is James Harkin known for? 

A) he published "Man and Nature" 
B) he founded the Sierra Club in 1892 
C) he wrote "Life in the Woods" 
D) he played a critical role in development of the National Parks Act

Question 32

Which attitude was most characteristic of Native cultures? 

A) The land should be conquered. 
B) The land should be exploited as soon as possible. 
C) The land and its resources are to be respected. 
D) The wilderness is hostile.

Question 33

What is Clifford Sifton known for? 

A) hazardous working conditions in the factories 
B) Establishing the first bird sanctuary 
C) being the father of conservation in Canada 
D) the dirty air from burning coal

Question 34

After WWI,why did the US federal governments promote increased resource removal from public lands at low prices? 

A) to ensure species preservation 
B) to employ single-use management 
C) - to stimulate economic growth 
D) to attract homesteaders

Question 35

What type of energy was primarily used during the industrial-medical revolution? 

A) labour by domesticated animals 
B) solar power 
C) non-renewable sources 
D) wood

Question 36

What are Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot known as? 

A) conservationists 
B) preservationists 
C) people with a frontier environmental worldview 
D) leaders of the Wilderness Society

Question 37

When did the first Earth Day take place-? 

A) 1950 
B) 1960 
C) 1970 
D) 1980

Question 38

What did the US Congress establish in 1905? 

A) National Park System 
B) Department of the Interior 
C) Environmental Protection Agency 
D) US Forest Service

Question 39

What was the primary view of the early colonists who came to the North American continent? 

A) it was a hostile wilderness that needed to be conquered 
B) it was a friendly environment that needed care and nurturing 
C) it was a finite reservoir of resources 
D) it was an easy place to make a comfortable living

Question 40

Which Canadian Prime Minister went head-to-head with President Ronald Reagan over acid rain? 

A) Jean Chretien 
B) Stephen Harper 
C) Brian Mulroney 
D) Pierre Trudeau

Question 41

The industrial-medical revolution led to both increased air pollution and groundwater depletion.

Question 42

Shifting cultivation was practiced in tropical regions primarily.

Question 43

The agricultural revolution took place some 5000 to 6000 years ago.

Question 44

The agricultural revolution often led to fertile land being turned into desert from overgrazing by livestock.

Question 45

The information-globalization revolution can lead to homogenizing of the Earth's surface.

Question 46

Bison were often shot from the passenger windows of trains just for sport.

Question 47

Grey Owl was a staunch conservationist and wrote several books making a case for conservation.

Question 48

A major goal of the wise-use movement was to weaken or repeal most of the US environmental laws and regulations.

Question 49

George W.Bush,elected president of the United States,supported Kyoto and was committed to reducing automobile emissions.

Question 50

During the industrial-medical revolution there was a shift to burning non-renewable fossil fuels.

Question 51

During most of their existence,humans have been hunter-gatherers.

Question 52

The early colonists believed in the myth of superabundance.

Question 53

Spaceship-Earth environmental worldview was developed in 1962 after Rachel Carson wrote her book,Silent Spring.

Question 54

Kyoto was not supported by the Stephen Harper government in Canada.

Question 55

-Which US president greatly increased private energy and mineral development and timber cutting on public lands,and reduced funding for research on renewable energy sources? 

A) Carter 
B) Kennedy 
C) Nixon 
D) Reagan

Question 56

The industrial-medical revolution led to a higher standard of living for many people.

Question 57

Early hunter-gatherers had a greater environmental impact than more advanced hunter-gatherers.

Question 58

The industrial-medical revolution reached Canada during the first half of the 19th century.

Question 59

Slash-and-burn cultivation was most often practiced in tropical forests.

Question 60

In Canada,the British North American Act of 1867 placed wildlife in the hands of the provinces.

Question 61

In 1978,____________________________________________________________ began to research and publish its list of species at risk.

Question 62

The ________________________________________ of 1916 declared that parks are to be maintained in a manner that leaves them unimpaired for future generations.

Question 63

The ____________________ movement was formed to weaken or repel most of the United States' environmental laws and regulations.

Question 64

The science of ecology began to emerge between 1965 and1970.

Question 65

The ___________________________________ was a view helped by most colonists who viewed the continent as having inexhaustible resources.

Question 66

______________________________ is best known as a strong proponent of land ethics.

Question 67

The ___________________________________ began about 10 000 to 12 000 years ago.

Question 68

The plant cultivation technique of ______________________________ involved cutting down the forests and then burning the underbrush to help fertilize the soil.

Question 69

Today,most wood bison are found in ________________________________________ and in parts of northern Alberta.

Question 70

The ____________________ Protocol was signed in 1997 by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien,a pledge to reduce Canada's greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 71

Canadian environmentalist ______________________________ chaired the historic Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro.

Question 72

CROPS

Which step involves the planting of crops?

Question 73

The era of "environmental awakening" started in the ____________________.

Question 74

The ______________________________ began in England in the mid-1700s and spread to the United States in the 1800s.

Question 75

In the United States,_________________________ founded the Sierra Club in 1892.

Question 76

Clifford Sifton helped establish the first National Park in the United States.

Question 77

Prime Minister ____________ and President Ronald Reagan were at loggerheads over the issue of international pollution.

Question 78

The _________________________ era in North America was occupied by tribal people for at least 10 000 years before Europeans arrived.

Question 79

CROPS

Which step allows the area to renew to soil fertility?

Question 80

The ______________________________ era saw the conquering of Native people and the taking over of their land.