Deck 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems

Question 1

Which organization is associated with the most area of certified forest in Canada? 

A) Haliburton Forest and Wild Life Reserve Ltd. 
B) Forest Stewardship Council 
C) Canadian Standards Association 
D) Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which tactic for protecting biodiversity would be excluded in the ecosystem approach? 

A) legally protect endangered species 
B) restore degraded ecosystems 
C) eliminate or reduce populations of non-native species from protected areas 
D) manage protected areas to sustain native species

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the name of the applied science of managing,analyzing,and communicating biological information? 

A) existence value 
B) bioinformatics 
C) conservation biology 
D) instrumental value

Answer 3

B

Question 4

It can be argued that virtually every service provided by forests can be viewed as having some combination of economic and ecological values.Which of the following forest services would you classify as being the most directly "economic" of these choices? 

A) purification of air and water 
B) influencing local and regional climate 
C) provision of biomass, recreation and ecotourism 
D) storing carbon and protecting diversity

Question 5

Which tree species is likely to successfully regenerate after a stand has been clear-cut? 

A) a trees species that prefers acid soils 
B) a tree species that requires full sun 
C) a shade-tolerant tree species 
D) a tree species that prefers alkaline soil

Question 6

What might be an outcome of clear-cutting? 

A) wind-resistant trees in adjacent stands 
B) reduced biodiversity 
C) less soil erosion 
D) a smaller harvest

Question 7

Which industry did the Clayoquot Sound,BC,resource management conflict focus on? 

A) agriculture 
B) forestry 
C) fishing 
D) diamond mining

Question 8

What is a possible outcome of selective cutting? 

A) a special seed-distribution plan 
B) growth of more mature trees 
C) crowding of trees 
D) an uneven-aged stand of trees

Question 9

What is a characteristic of a forested watershed? 

A) very limited ability to absorb pollutants 
B) ability to slow water runoff 
C) very limited ability to moderate climate 
D) ability to speed water runoff

Question 10

Which term refers to the removal of all trees from a given area in a single cutting to establish a new,even-aged stand? 

A) selection cutting 
B) shelter wood cutting 
C) seed-tree cutting 
D) clear-cutting

Question 11

What is NOT characteristic of second-growth forest? 

A) It may develop after a farming area has been abandoned. 
B) It may develop after fire. 
C) It may develop as a tree plantation after clear-cutting. 
D) It may develop as a regenerated forest after hundreds of years of no disturbance.

Question 12

Which statement describes a second-growth forest? 

A) an uncut stand of trees or a stand that has not been seriously disturbed by humans 
B) a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession 
C) a managed tract with uniformly aged trees 
D) a storehouse of biodiversity

Question 13

What percentage of Canada's forested land is managed by the federal government? 

A) 4% 
B) 25% 
C) 77% 
D) 94%

Question 14

What might be an outcome of large-scale clear-cutting? 

A) increased biodiversity 
B) decreased water pollution 
C) flood prevention 
D) habitat fragmentation

Question 15

Which cutting method leaves only a few mature,healthy,wind-resistant trees for regenerating the forest? 

A) clear-cutting 
B) selection cutting 
C) shelter wood cutting 
D) seed-tree cutting

Question 16

Which compound is removed from the atmosphere by forests? 

A) iron 
B) carbon dioxide 
C) oxygen 
D) nitrogen

Question 17

Which term refers to a system in which nearly all the trees in a stand are harvested in one cutting,but a few uniformly distributed,healthy trees are left to regenerate the forest? 

A) seed-tree cutting 
B) selection cutting 
C) shelter wood cutting 
D) clear-cutting

Question 18

Which statement about clear-cutting is accurate? 

A) Clear-cutting increases the average stand rotation time. 
B) Clear-cutting requires more roads than the majority of other harvesting systems. 
C) Lumber companies prefer clear-cutting because it takes less skill and planning than other methods. 
D) Clear-cutting leads to a decrease in the amount of timber produced per hectare.

Question 19

Which characteristic is NOT in an old-growth forest? 

A) It has a clear forest floor. 
B) It contains large numbers of snags and fallen logs. 
C) It has incurred no major disturbance for several hundred years. 
D) It provides a variety of ecological niches.

Question 20

What has a direct effect on decreasing biodiversity? 

A) non-native species introduction 
B) moderate environmental disturbances 
C) middle stages of succession 
D) physically diverse habitats

Question 21

What is one characteristic of a surface fire in a forest? 

A) Wildlife and mature trees are harmed by surface fires. 
B) Surface fires lead to more destructive fires. 
C) Surface fires release minerals that are locked up in vegetation. 
D) Frequent surface fires increase the chance that a severe crown fire will occur.

Question 22

What is the status of Canada's forests? 

A) About 80% of Canada's land surface is forested. 
B) About 47% of Canada's land surface supports productive forest capable of generating forest products. 
C) About 25% of Canada's forested area is called "other treed land" and is dedicated to purposes other than producing commercial forest products. 
D) About 40% of productive forest is protected inside national parks.

Question 23

Which area contains no tropical forests? 

A) Australia 
B) Canada 
C) Asia 
D) United States

Question 24

What percentage of plant species in the world's tropical forests has been examined closely for possible medicinal properties? 

A) less than 10% 
B) less than 5% 
C) less than 3% 
D) less than 1%

Question 25

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding tropical need trees? 

A) These trees are valuable but they are difficult to cultivate and grow slowly. 
B) The leaves and seeds of neem trees can be used to make natural pesticides. 
C) Neem-seed oil acts as a strong spermicide and may be developed as a birth control agent. 
D) Extracts from neem trees can be used to fight bacterial, viral and fungal infections.

Question 26

Which area is incurring the greatest destruction of tropical rain forests? 

A) South America 
B) Southeast Asia 
C) North America 
D) Central America

Question 27

Which statement characterizes tropical rain forests? 

A) Tropical forests cover about 20% of the Earth's land area 
B) Tropical forests cover about 6% of the Earth's land area. 
C) Less than half of the world's species of terrestrial plants and animals live in tropical rain forests. 
D) Tropical forests contain very few species of plants.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a threat to Canada's forests? 

A) the forest tent caterpillar 
B) the praying mantis 
C) the mountain pine beetle 
D) the spruce budworm

Question 29

Which statement describes the impact of a surface fire in a forest? 

A) It burns whole trees. 
B) It kills many mature trees. 
C) It does not kill many seedlings. 
D) It usually burns only the undergrowth.

Question 30

What is the most destructive type of fire in a forest? 

A) crown fire 
B) prescribed fire 
C) surface fire 
D) ground fire

Question 31

Why is the Pacific yew tree important? 

A) It is a source of food for exportation. 
B) It is a source of strong painkiller. 
C) It is a source of dyes. 
D) It is a source of treatment for ovarian cancer.

Question 32

In which region would you find predominantly black spruce,white spruce and tamarack trees? 

A) columbia forest 
B) acadian forest 
C) boreal forest 
D) aspen parkland

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT provided by tropical rain forests? 

A) ecological services 
B) industrial materials 
C) half of the world's annual harvest of softwoods 
D) tropical fruits and nuts

Question 34

What is one means of reducing global demand for wood? 

A) reduce construction waste and junk mail 
B) limit the use of laminated boards 
C) make paper from spruce trees 
D) make paper from plant fibres other than trees

Question 35

Which monitoring method provides accurate evidence about the rate of destruction of tropical rain forests? 

A) lumber sales records 
B) satellite scans 
C) official measurements by conservationists 
D) official government reports

Question 36

Which term refers to protecting forests by means such as establishing firebreaks with special bulldozers,pumping water from tank trucks,dropping fire-retardant chemicals from aircraft,and creating controlled backfires? 

A) fire-proofing 
B) prescribed burning 
C) prevention 
D) suppression

Question 37

Which tree disease is indigenous to Canada? 

A) chestnut blight 
B) Dutch elm disease 
C) emerald ash borer 
D) spruce budworm

Question 38

Why is fire important to forests? 

A) Fire is important in initiating breeding in many insect species. 
B) Fire may help release minerals locked up inside organisms. 
C) Fire is important in releasing sulfates back into the atmosphere. 
D) Fire reduces net productivity of the forest.

Question 39

What would a conservation biologist say is the smartest ecological and economic way to protect trees from insects and disease? 

A) Use antibiotics for only the infected trees. 
B) Develop disease-resistant tree species. 
C) Maintain the biological diversity of the forest. 
D) Clear-cut and burn all infected areas.

Question 40

What is the largest forest region in Canada? 

A) the boreal forest 
B) the subalpine forest 
C) the aspen parkland 
D) the taiga forest

Question 41

Which of the following actions would NOT likely be helpful in sustaining tropical forests? 

A) protect the most diverse and endangered areas 
B) encourage debt-for-nature swaps, controlled ecotourism, and sustainable harvests of wild nuts and fruits 
C) rehabilitate degraded areas and promote the regrowth of secondary succession forests 
D) introduce large-scale ranching and forestry to stimulate rapid local economic growth

Question 42

How much of our total land mass do national parks in Canada occupy? 

A) 25% 
B) 5% 
C) 3% 
D) 1%

Question 43

What is NOT likely to be a part of ecosystem restoration? 

A) secondary succession 
B) replacement 
C) creating artificial ecosystems 
D) rehabilitation

Question 44

Which statement about Canada's national parks is accurate? 

A) National parks occupy only 30% of Canada's land mass. 
B) Canada has 23 national parks. 
C) Canada's national parks are managed according to a preservationist ethic. 
D) Resource extraction is permitted in Canada's national parks.

Question 45

Deforestation affects agriculture,water supplies,and biodiversity.

Question 46

National parks occupy about 30% of Canada's land mass.

Question 47

What is one solution for sustaining our national park system? 

A) Allow an unlimited amount of visitors into the park. 
B) Sell off portions of land inside the park. 
C) Buy private lands inside the park. 
D) Allow hunting inside the park.

Question 48

What is the greatest threat to the world's national parks? 

A) human activities in nearby areas 
B) lack of funding 
C) uncontrolled populations of prey because of the decline in predators 
D) pollution

Question 49

Canada's first national park,Banff,was established in 1885.

Question 50

The negative effects of human activities on the environment can be decreased by restoration or conservation.

Question 51

How many national parks are in existence worldwide? 

A) 6600 
B) 600 
C) 30 
D) 60

Question 52

Which zone is NOT a component of a well-designed biosphere reserve? 

A) a mantle 
B) a core 
C) a buffer zone 
D) a transition zone

Question 53

What results from burning tropical forests? 

A) increased biodiversity 
B) more greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere 
C) large areas of regenerated forests 
D) increased ecological integrity

Question 54

The establishment of public lands by governments helps lessen the impacts that humans have on the Earth's ecosystems.

Question 55

Why are wilderness areas needed? 

A) to preserve biological diversity 
B) for the high number of recreational users 
C) to improve sustainable timber production 
D) to improve sustainable organic agriculture

Question 56

What is the function of Ramsar sites in Canada? 

A) To protect areas of aesthetic value. 
B) To protect biodiversity at high mountain sites. 
C) To protect selected marine sanctuaries on the British Columbia coastline. 
D) To protect wetlands and bird sanctuaries needed for waterfowl management.

Question 57

Public lands that comprise parks,zoos,national forests,seashores,etc.help sustain biodiversity.

Question 58

More than 50% of Canada's plant and animal species are represented within Canada's national parks.

Question 59

How many biosphere reserves have been established worldwide? 

A) 15 
B) 151 
C) 351 
D) 651

Question 60

Within a biosphere reserve,where does little,if any,disturbance from human activities occur? 

A) the mantle 
B) the buffer zone 
C) the transition zone 
D) the core

Question 61

Biodiversity is comprised of two components-existence values and instrumental value.

Question 62

____________________ contributes to the greenhouse effect by destroying plants that use carbon dioxide.

Question 63

The ___________________ value of something is the value that the thing has "in itself" or "for its own sake."

Question 64

Human activity has contributed significantly to the premature extinction of some species.

Question 65

Tropical deforestation is a major concern throughout the world; reversing tropical deforestation would protect biodiversity,slow global warming,and help to make the important ecological and economic services of these forests sustainable.

Question 66

Legally declaring a track of land as a(n)____________________ is one way to protect it from human exploitation.

Question 67

Marine habitats are experiencing rapidly increasing rates of species extinction because of factors such as rapid human development and poor environmental management.

Question 68

A(n)______________________________contains large trees,saplings,ferns,and orchids as well as amoebas,worms,beetles,and opossums.

Question 69

A tract of land with same-aged trees of one species for the specific purpose of clear-cutting is referred to as a _________________________.

Question 70

A(n)______________________________ that is less than 150 years old usually contains some old-growth characteristics.

Question 71

A major conflict exists between ecologists and conservation biologists who wish to protect biodiversity and the resource extractors and developers who are pursing unrestricted access to lands harbouring that biodiversity.

Question 72

The creation of an artificial wetland is an example of creating a(n)___________________________________.

Question 73

Selection cutting and strip cutting are not effective tools for forest management.

Question 74

Restoration is the process of revitalizing a degraded habitat or ecosystem to its natural state.

Question 75

___________________________________ involves maintaining a stand comprised of trees of various ages and sizes in order to foster natural regeneration.

Question 76

An uncut forest or a regenerated forest that has not been significantly impacted by humans or natural disasters for centuries or longer,is known as a(n)___________________________________.

Question 77

Wilderness is a large area of land legally set aside to prevent or minimize it from being harmed by human activities.

Question 78

There are significantly more disadvantages than advantages to using clear-cutting methods to harvest trees from a forest.

Question 79

Conversion of forests and woodlands to agricultural land contributes to the growing problem of ____________________.

Question 80

Second-growth forests are the largest of the three major forest types because of the ecological success of governmental and environmental mandates.