Deck 21: Diseases of the Respiratory System

Question 1

What type of alveolar epithelium produces surfactant?​

A) ​type I cells
B) ​type II cells
C) ​type III cells
D) ​goblet cells
E) ​acinar cells

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How much higher are the energy needs of infants with BPD compared to those of healthy, normal infants?​

A) ​about 10%
B) ​15-25%
C) ​about 35%
D) ​40-50%
E) ​about 75%

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What mineral is critical for adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG)? synthesis?
​

A) ​boron
B) ​potassium
C) ​phosphate
D) ​calcium
E) ​magnesium

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the primary risk factor for COPD?​

A) ​obesity
B) ​alcohol abuse
C) ​exposure to toxic solvents
D) ​smoking
E) ​low protein diet

Question 5

What vitamin is metabolized more quickly in smokers versus non-smokers?​

A) ​vitamin A
B) ​vitamin B12
C) ​vitamin C
D) ​vitamin D
E) ​vitamin K

Question 6

Insufficient levels of what vitamin may be linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature newborns?​

A) ​vitamin B2
B) ​folate
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​vitamin C
E) ​vitamin E

Question 7

What type of medication are fluoroquinolones?​

A) ​analgesics
B) ​anti-inflammatories
C) ​bronchodilators
D) ​mucolytics
E) ​antibiotics

Question 8

What is the term for an increase in size of the right ventricle of the heart caused by resistance to the passage of blood through the lungs?​

A) ​aerophagia
B) ​emphysema
C) cor pulmonale
D) ​pulmonary consolidation
E) ​orthopnea

Question 9

Increased rates of asthma, particularly in developed countries, parallel the rates of what other condition?​

A) ​ADHD
B) ​autism
C) ​cystic fibrosis
D) ​diabetes
E) ​obesity

Question 10

What do anticholinergics do?​

A) ​reduce pain and inflammation
B) ​increase heart and breathing rates
C) ​relax smooth muscle
D) ​decrease airway contraction and mucus production
E) ​increase the production of histamines

Question 11

What type of medication is used to open or relax the bronchial tubes and relieve shortness of breath?​

A) ​bronchodilators
B) ​corticosteroids
C) ​NSAIDs
D) ​analgesics
E) ​expectorants

Question 12

What is a physical sign of the increased use of accessory muscles for expiration in someone with emphysema?​

A) ​"barrel chest"
B) ​"sunken chest"
C) ​"bird's chest"
D) ​enlarged heart
E) ​enlarged liver

Question 13

At what age is the female respiratory system fully mature?

A) ​2 months
B) ​14 years
C) ​17 years
D) ​20 years
E) ​25 years

Question 14

What kind of diet may result in a low incidence of COPD, as shown by prospective research studies?​

A) ​a diet rich in red meat and potatoes
B) ​a strict vegan diet
C) ​a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and fish
D) ​a very low-carb diet
E) ​a diet rich in saturated fat and insoluble fiber

Question 15

What are the bubbly sounds called (heard via stethoscope) that may indicate pulmonary pathology?

A) ​rales
B) ​clubbing
C) ​percussion
D) ​auscultation
E) ​cor pulmonale

Question 16

How does pulse oximetry measure the oxygenation of arterial blood?​

A) ​via x-rays
B) ​via ultrasound
C) ​via stethoscope
D) ​via light waves
E) ​via microphone

Question 17

Oxygen saturation measures the amount of oxygen carried by the:

A) ​red blood cells
B) ​bronchioles
C) ​alveoli
D) ​capillaries
E) ​glomerulus

Question 18

What is the term for an accumulation of fluid between the two outer membranes surrounding the lungs?​

A) ​emphysema
B) ​pleural effusion
C) ​dyspnea
D) ​aspiration pneumonia
E) ​bronchitis

Question 19

What differentiates emphysema from chronic bronchitis?​

A) ​the primary risk factors
B) ​destruction of lung tissue
C) ​association with diabetes
D) ​genetic factors
E) ​link to lung cancer

Question 20

At what age is the male respiratory system fully mature?​

A) ​2 months
B) ​14 years
C) ​17 years
D) ​20 years
E) ​25 years

Question 21

What percent weight loss has TS experienced?​

A) ​7.8%
B) ​8.3%
C) ​9%
D) ​9.6%
E) ​10.5%

Question 22

What is the most important supplemental enzyme for CF patients?​

A) ​lactase
B) ​lipase
C) ​amylase
D) ​protease
E) ​pepsin

Question 23

All of the following would be part of registered dietitian's nutrition plan for TS except:​

A) ​resting before meals
B) ​focus on quick weight gain
C) ​small frequent meals
D) ​getting 20% of total kcalories from protein
E) ​a diet rich in fruit, veggies and fish

Question 24

What kind of an inherited disease is cystic fibrosis if each time two CF carriers conceive, there is a 25% chance that their child will have CF; a 50% chance that the child will bean asymptomatic carrier of the CF gene; and a 25% chance that the child will be a non-carrier?​

A) ​x-linked recessive
B) ​x-linked dominant
C) ​autosomal recessive
D) ​autosomal dominant
E) ​mitochondrial

Question 25

What is the primary characteristic of cystic fibrosis?​
​

A) ​abnormally thick mucus secretions
B) ​destroyed bronchioles
C) ​destroyed alveoli
D) ​reduced blood flow into the lungs
E) ​pulmonary emboli

Question 26

How many kcal/day would be recommended for TS?​

A) ​1,150 kcalories
B) ​1,266 kcalories
C) ​1,490 kcalories
D) ​1,671 kcalories
E) ​1,834 kcalories

Question 27

According to the registered dietitian, how much protein does TS need per day?​

A) ​48 g
B) ​61 g
C) ​70 g
D) ​85 g
E) ​102 g

Question 28

What kind of fatty acids play a role in reducing a systemic inflammatory response?​

A) ​saturated fatty acids
B) ​omega-3 fatty acids
C) ​omega-6 fatty acids
D) ​omega-9 fatty acids
E) ​monounsaturated fatty acids

Question 29

What other disease is associated with CF in 15-20% of cases in patients older than 20 years?​

A) ​ADHD
B) ​autism
C) ​multiple sclerosis
D) ​muscular dystrophy
E) ​diabetes

Question 30

A tracheostomy is a surgical opening made in the trachea to:​

A) ​allow talking
B) ​allow eating
C) ​alleviate heartburn
D) ​remove throat cancer
E) ​assist breathing

Question 31

What is a concern after lung transplantation?​

A) ​organ rejection
B) ​infection
C) ​cyanosis
D) ​pulmonary embolism
E) ​chronic fatigue

Question 32

What mineral deficiencies are common in people with CF?​

A) ​iron and zinc
B) ​calcium and magnesium
C) ​boron and selenium
D) ​calcium and selenium
E) ​iron and phosphorus 

Question 33

Compared to basal energy requirements, how much energy intake is recommended (on average) for patients admitted to a hospital due to an exacerbation of COPD?​

A) ​80%
B) ​95%
C) ​115%
D) ​140%
E) ​175%

Question 34

How long after surgery can most lung transplant patients begin to eat solid food?​

A) ​12 hours
B) ​1-2 days
C) ​3-5 days
D) ​1 week
E) ​2 weeks

Question 35

What dietary supplements are most beneficial for TS?​

A) ​antioxidants, vitamin D and calcium
B) ​vitamin B6, vitamin C and selenium 
C) ​antioxidants, phosphate and boron
D) ​vitamin A, vitamin B3 and calcium
E) ​antioxidants, vitamin K and selenium

Question 36

What is the primary cause of infectious pneumonia?

A) ​influenza A
B) ​respiratory syncytial virus
C) ​Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) ​Pneumocystis jiroveci
E) ​Candida yeast

Question 37

In COPD, hyperinflation of the lungs leads to feelings of unnecessary fullness and bloating at mealtime due to flattening of what organ?
​

A) ​breasts
B) ​diaphragm
C) ​spleen
D) ​liver
E) ​abdominal muscles

Question 38

What vitamin deficiency is relatively common in people with CF?​

A) ​vitamin B9
B) ​vitamin C
C) ​vitamin B12
D) ​vitamin B6
E) ​vitamin A

Question 39

Which of the following is an inflammatory (indirect) cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome?​

A) ​pneumonia
B) ​pulmonary edema
C) ​fat embolism
D) ​sepsis
E) ​inhalation injury

Question 40

How many viral respiratory tract infections do American children develop on average each year?​

A) ​10
B) ​8
C) ​6
D) ​4
E) ​2

Question 41

Females are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis as males.

Question 42

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by increased air flow rates, dyspnea, hypoxemia, and hypocapnia.

Question 43

Cardiac complications of COPD include _______________ and _______________ ventricular failure.

Question 44

According to a meta-analysis examining the relationship between cigarette smoking and nutrient intakes, smokers have lower intakes of _______________ and fiber compared to non-smokers.

Question 45

The bronchioles end in small air sacs called _______________, which are paper thin.

Question 46

Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) often require prolonged, intensive hospitalization accompanied by mechanical _______________.

Question 47

The most common pulmonary function test is conducted with a machine called a spirometer.

Question 48

The air enters the lungs through the trachea, which divides into the right and left _______________.

Question 49

Gas exchange occurs in the _______________ unit.

Question 50

Malnutrition associated with poor intake appears to have an impact on the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm.

Question 51

Infants with BPD are at risk for delayed skeletal mineralization and _______________.

Question 52

A number of studies have demonstrated a protective effect of breastfeeding against the development and severity of asthma in children.

Question 53

Malnutrition due to COPD can weaken respiratory muscles, resulting in altered ventilation, poor muscle strength, and impaired immune function.

Question 54

Glucose intolerance and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes occur in approximately 80% of CF patients over the age of 10.

Question 55

Asthma is usually divided into two types: sinus and bronchus asthma.

Question 56

Because of immature swallowing function and oral aversion related to endotracheal and suctioning stimuli, nutrition support for BPD patients typically includes enteral feedings.

Question 57

Emphysema develops gradually over years, usually as a result of exposure to _______________.

Question 58

Inflammation is the primary problem in asthma and is thought to be _______________ mediated.

Question 59

Pulmonary edema increases the thickness of the alveolar and capillary space, leading to impaired gas exchange, hypoxia, and overall increased work of breathing.

Question 60

_______________ are chemical mediators produced by the body that contribute to the development of asthma.

Question 61

Due to increased _______________ losses, individuals with CF should consume a high _______________ diet, particularly during the summer months or if they live in hot climates.

Question 62

Poor weight gain and poor growth in CF result from poor intake, _______________ insufficiency, and increased nutrient needs.

Question 63

Emphysema results in a decreased forced _______________ volume.

Question 64

The use of glucocorticosteroids, systemic inflammation, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, low BMI, low fat-free mass, and decreased mobility increase the incidence of _______________ in people with COPD.

Question 65

List the three major cause-related categories of pneumonia.

Question 66

Discuss the pathophysiology of lung transplantation and organ rejection.

Question 67

Define COPD and the two primary problems with airflow.

Question 68

Discuss the nutritional implications of cystic fibrosis (CF).

Question 69

Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of asthma.

Question 70

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with the production of oxygen free radicals and inflammatory mediators derived from _______________.

Question 71

Describe the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF).

Question 72

An upper respiratory infection is commonly known as the _______________.

Question 73

Describe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, including treatment.

Question 74

Pneumonia is considered a _______________ cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 75

Describe the anatomy of the pulmonary system.

Question 76

What are leukotrienes and how are they involved in asthma.

Question 77

Individuals with bronchitis frequently have a _______________ BMI.

Question 78

Newborn screening for CF tests for elevated immunoreactive _______________.

Question 79

Discuss the etiology of COPD in relation to cigarette smoking.

Question 80

Pneumonia is defined as an inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or _______________.