Deck 23: Neoplastic Disease

Question 1

Where does breast cancer typically metastasize to?​

A) ​bone and armpits
B) ​brain and lung tissue
C) ​GI tract and lung tissue
D) ​brain and liver
E) ​bone and GI tract

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What ethnicity has the higher incidence of cancer and mortality rates?

A) ​Caucasian (European ancestry)
B) ​Asian Americans
C) ​Native Americans
D) ​Latinos
E) ​African Americans

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In the Tumor Node Metastases (TNM) Staging System, what are the stages?​

A) ​0, I, II
B) ​I, II, III
C) ​0, I, II, III
D) ​0, I, II, III, IV
E) ​I, II, III, IV, V

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What are the three deadliest cancers in American men (most mortality)?

A) ​prostate, liver, lung
B) ​liver, bone, brain
C) ​lung, prostate, colorectal
D) ​bone, lung, skin
E) ​prostate, skin, pancreas

Question 5

Breast cancer accounts for what percentage of cancer-related deaths in American women?

A) ​41%
B) ​31%
C) ​24%
D) ​20%
E) ​14%

Question 6

What percent of cancer patients are purportedly cured by surgery?​

A) ​5%
B) ​15%
C) ​22%
D) ​33%
E) ​40%

Question 7

What radionuclide, taken orally, is used to treat thyroid cancer?

A) ​thyroxin
B) carbon 14​
C) ​iodine 131
D) ​gadolinium 153
E) ​strontium 90

Question 8

How many types of diseases fall under the term "cancer"?

A) 1
B) ​10
C) ​about 25
D) ​at least 100
E) ​thousands

Question 9

What class of chemotherapy drug works by arresting cellular metaphase by inhibiting mitotic tubular formation (spindle)?

A) ​alkylating agents
B) ​nitrosureas
C) ​antimitotics
D) ​indirect DNA agents
E) ​topoisomerase inhibitors

Question 10

What does the term angiogenesis refer to?​

A) ​increase in blood flow
B) ​development of new blood vessels
C) ​destruction of arteries
D) ​synthesis of red blood cells
E) ​change in blood pressure

Question 11

What does the term cachexia mean?

A) ​genetic mutations
B) ​stoppage of blood flow
C) ​severe weight and appetite loss
D) ​programmed cell death
E) ​uncontrollable cell division

Question 12

What type of hormone promotes altered gene expression and is linked to prostate cancer?​

A) ​eicosanoids
B) ​peptides
C) ​catecholamines
D) ​androgens
E) ​estrogens

Question 13

Where does cancer rank in terms of causes of mortality in the United States?

A) ​1st
B) ​2nd
C) ​3rd
D) ​4th
E) ​5th

Question 14

What is the primary tumor marker for ovarian cancer that's found in the blood?

A) ​CEA
B) ​HE4
C) ​PSA
D) ​AFP
E) ​CA15-3

Question 15

In what phase of cell division is the DNA replicated?

A) ​S phase
B) ​G1 phase
C) ​G2 phase
D) ​G3 phase
E) ​D phase

Question 16

What are the three deadliest cancers in American women (most mortality?

A) ​lung, breast, colorectal
B) ​breast, liver, bone
C) ​brain, lung, breast
D) ​bone, blood, brain
E) breast, colorectal, pancreas

Question 17

What term is used to infer the spread of cancer from the primary site to nearby or distant areas through the blood or lymph?

A) ​metastasis
B) ​malignant
C) ​benign
D) ​neoplasm
E) ​apheresis

Question 18

In the Tumor Node Metastases (TNM) Staging System, what does "N0" mean?​

A) ​nearby lymph nodes do not contain cancer
B) nearby lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
C) ​tumor can't be measured
D) ​metastasis can't be evaluated
E) ​no distant metastases were found

Question 19

In 2014, how many people are estimated to die from cancer in the United States?

A) ​about 1.1 million
B) ​about 820,000
C) ​about 565,000
D) ​about 430, 000
E) ​about 255,000

Question 20

What does the term apoptosis refer to?

A) ​genetic mutations
B) ​stoppage of blood flow
C) ​severe weight loss
D) ​programmed cell death
E) ​uncontrollable cell division

Question 21

What values should be used to estimate AS's caloric requirements?​

A) ​20-25 kcal/kg IBW
B) ​25-30 kcal/kg current body weight
C) ​30-35 kcal/kg current body weight
D) ​35-40 kcal/kg IBW
E) ​40-45 kcal/kg IBW

Question 22

Pharmacologic doses of what amino acid may benefit patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation?​

A) ​glutamine
B) ​arginine
C) ​lysine
D) ​cysteine
E) ​tyrosine

Question 23

What simple and inexpensive recommendation might help AS with his xerostomia?

A) ​supplement with vitamin C
B) ​chew sugar-free gum
C) ​supplement with omega-6 fatty acids
D) ​eat high fiber foods
E) ​supplement with coenzyme Q10

Question 24

To help combat the mucositis what would the registered dietitian recommend?

A) ​avoid acidic food
B) ​rinsing with commercial mouthwash
C) ​rinsing with hydrogen peroxide
D) ​taking oral arginine
E) ​using a tongue scraper

Question 25

What growth factor is used to counteract side effects of certain chemotherapy regimens?

A) ​exocrine
B) ​endocrine
C) ​skeletal
D) ​hematopoietic
E) ​metabolic

Question 26

What energy needs equation is commonly used to determine the caloric needs of cancer patients?​

A) ​Harris-Benedict equation
B) ​WHO equation
C) ​Mifflin-St. Jeor equation
D) ​Institute of Medicine equation
E) ​Schofield equation

Question 27

Two types of cytokines are used to treat patients with cancer:

A) ​chemokines and lymphokines
B) ​interferons and interleukins
C) ​monokines and interleukins
D) ​interferons and lymphokines
E) ​chemokines and monokines

Question 28

Given AS's weight loss, what would his MD likely diagnose him with?​

A) ​failure to thrive
B) ​anorexia nervosa
C) ​mildly underweight
D) ​moderately underweight
E) ​cancer cachexia

Question 29

What is the survival rate of children who receive chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia?​

A) ​95%
B) ​80%
C) ​65%
D) ​40%
E) ​25%

Question 30

What cells are used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?

A) ​peripheral blood stem cells
B) ​fetal stem cells
C) ​bone marrow stem cells
D) ​brain tissue
E) ​stem cells from pigs / cows

Question 31

What analgesic given to cancer patients is a common cause of nausea?

A) ​ibuprofen
B) ​acetaminophen
C) ​ASA
D) ​Demerol
E) ​morphine

Question 32

What are the two agents that have been recognized as useful for appetite stimulation in cancer patients?​

A) ​methotrexate and anti-diarrheal agents
B) ​sugar-free chewing gum and hard sour candy
C) ​methotrexate and prokinetics
D) ​megestrol acetate and corticosteroid agents
E) ​cisplatin and corticosteroid agents

Question 33

What nutritional supplement may help cancer patients with nausea?​

A) ​ginger
B) ​vitamin C
C) ​black cohosh
D) ​flaxseed
E) ​milk thistle

Question 34

What nutritional supplement is used by cancer patients with depression?​

A) ​PC-SPES
B) ​St. John's wort
C) ​mistletoe extract
D) ​Essiac tea
E) ​coenzyme Q10

Question 35

What nutritional supplement is used to treat prostate cancer patients?​

A) ​probiotics
B) ​ginger
C) ​tea
D) ​flaxseed
E) ​St. John's wort

Question 36

What is the name of the procedure for harvesting stem cells from the blood?

A) ​marrow scraping
B) ​brachytherapy
C) ​apheresis
D) ​dysgeusia
E) ​erythropoiesis

Question 37

What nutritional supplement may help stabilize weight in cancer patients on oral diets experiencing progressive, unintentional weight loss?​

A) ​B-complex vitamin
B) ​probiotics
C) ​PC-SPES
D) ​dark chocolate
E) ​omega-3 fatty acids

Question 38

What is AS's percent IBW?​

A) ​78%
B) ​81%
C) ​87%
D) ​91%
E) ​103%

Question 39

What is the average protein need per day for non-stressed cancer patients?

A) ​0.7-1.1 g/kg
B) ​1.0-1.5 g/kg
C) ​1.4-1.8 g/kg
D) ​1.9-2.5 g/kg
E) ​2.3-2.8 g/kg

Question 40

Which chemotherapy agent has the lowest emetogenic potential?

A) ​cisplatin
B) ​mechlorethamine
C) ​dacarbazine
D) ​idarubicin
E) ​rituximab

Question 41

_______________ involves the placement of radioactive sources either within an existing body cavity in close proximity to the tumor, or directly within a tumor.

Question 42

Cancer is a disorder of cell _______________ and regulation.

Question 43

There are two major types of genes that are thought to influence the development of cancer: oncogenes and _______________ genes.

Question 44

Radioimmunotherapy can also deliver radiation to a specific tissue through attachment to a(n) _______________ or other ligands.

Question 45

Tumor suppressor genes normally cause apoptosis, but in a mutated form they may lose this function.

Question 46

Nausea and vomiting related to radiation are dependent on the field being irradiated.

Question 47

African-American women have a 10% _______________ incidence rate than white females for all cancers combined.

Question 48

Malnutrition is more prevalent in those who have been sick for longer periods of time, had multiple treatments, and have certain types of cancer including lung, pancreatic, GI, and ovarian cancers.

Question 49

The most common cause of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients is radiation therapy.

Question 50

Cancers are characterized by unregulated cell growth, tissue invasion, and _______________.

Question 51

A neoplasm is malignant when it grows without tissue invasion.

Question 52

Palliative surgery is used to ameliorate disease and/or treatment-related symptoms and cure the cancer.

Question 53

Cancer of the lung and bronchus remains the number one killer in both men and women.

Question 54

It is estimated that 60% of patients with head and neck cancers will present with malnutrition at the time of diagnosis.

Question 55

Cancers are named based on their origin: those derived from epithelial tissue are called _______________.

Question 56

Because hair follicles also contain rapidly dividing cells, _______________ is also a common side effect of chemotherapy.

Question 57

_______________ is the study of changes in gene activity that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence.

Question 58

Epidemiologic studies have found that heavy consumption of _______________ increase cancer risk, especially for colorectal, bladder, prostate, breast, gastric, oral, and pancreatic cancers.

Question 59

Biochemical analysis of blood, serum, urine, and other body fluids can detect tumor biomarkers.

Question 60

Some biological therapies for cancer use live viruses or parasites to stimulate the body's immune system to act against cancer cells.

Question 61

Outline radiation therapy (RT) for cancer.

Question 62

Describe the GI side effects of chemotherapy and how they can be managed.

Question 63

Describe the main causes of dysgeusia.

Question 64

Describe the different types of chemotherapy agents.

Question 65

_______________, or alterations in taste, can have a profound effect on a patient's ability to ingest an adequate amount of nutrition.

Question 66

The most _______________ chemotherapeutic agents include cisplatin, methotrexate, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide.

Question 67

List the primary signs and symptoms of cancer.

Question 68

Erythropoietin stimulates _______________ blood cell formation, and IL-11 increases _______________ production.

Question 69

Define cancer.

Question 70

Studies suggest that _______________ nutrition may be beneficial when used perioperatively in severely malnourished patients.

Question 71

Patients should be advised not to take _______________ supplements during radiation treatments.

Question 72

Chemotherapy-induced mucositis commonly occurs _______________ days after chemotherapy is initiated.

Question 73

_______________ are signaling proteins that are produced by white blood cells and help mediate and regulate immune responses, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.

Question 74

Discuss the etiology of cancer.

Question 75

List the tumor imaging techniques available today.

Question 76

Immune-enhancing enteral formulas containing mixtures of arginine, nucleic acids, and _______________ may be beneficial in malnourished patients undergoing major cancer operations.

Question 77

Probiotic therapy is a nutritional supplement used to help manage _______________.

Question 78

Describe the causes and treatment for xerostomia.

Question 79

Biological therapies that interfere with specific molecules involved in tumor growth and progression are also referred to as _______________ therapies.

Question 80

Discuss the diagnosis and complications of pancreatic cancer.