Deck 11: Pharmacology

Question 1

What kind of meal increases gastric emptying time (i.e., slow emptying rate) the most?

A) ​fruit and yogurt snack
B) ​high-fat meal
C) ​spinach salad
D) ​egg salad sandwich
E) ​vegetable stir fry with rice

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What vitamin is an antagonist of the drug warfarin (Coumadin)?

A) ​vitamin A
B) ​vitamin B2
C) ​vitamin B6
D) ​vitamin C
E) ​vitamin K

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion called?

A) ​pharmacokinetics
B) ​pharmacology
C) ​pharmacotherapy
D) ​pathophysiology
E) ​biokinetics

Answer 3

A

Question 4

How much did spending on prescription drugs increase between the years 1990 and 2011 in the United States?

A) ​two-fold
B) ​three-fold
C) ​four-fold
D) ​six-fold
E) ​eight-fold

Question 5

What parts of the body have the largest surface areas for drug absorption?

A) ​mouth and throat
B) ​mouth and stomach
C) ​large intestine and bowel
D) ​small and large intestines
E) ​small intestine and lungs

Question 6

What term refers to the placement of a drug inside the cheek?

A) otic​
B) ​buccal
C) ​ophthalmic
D) ​parenteral
E) ​sublingual

Question 7

What is a type of medication that is used to treat hyperlipidemia?

A) ​MAOIs
B) ​creatinines
C) ​prokinetics
D) ​excipients 
E) ​statins

Question 8

What kind of drugs are quickly absorbed across cell membranes?

A) ​protein-based
B) ​sugar-based
C) ​lipid-based
D) ​carbohydrate-based
E) ​vitamin analogues

Question 9

What method of administering drugs requires an injection?

A) ​buccal
B) ​subcutaneous
C) ​enteral
D) ​sublingual
E) ​topical

Question 10

Long-term use of St. John's wort may result in diminished clinical effectiveness or increased dosage requirements for at least what percentage of all marketed medications?

A) ​10%
B) ​25%
C) ​50%
D) ​70%
E) ​90%

Question 11

St. John's wort (herbal supplement) impacts the metabolism of drugs because it significantly induces the activity of:

A) ​proton-pump inhibitors
B) ​CYP 2B6
C) ​MAOIs
D) ​CYP 3A4
E) ​H2 blockers

Question 12

What type of excipients are added to medications to increase dissolution?

A) ​disintegrants
B) ​antioxidants
C) ​expectorants
D) lubricants​
E) ​binders

Question 13

What has to happen to the medication before absorption is successful?

A) ​dissolution
B) ​oxidation
C) ​reduction
D) ​ionization
E) ​hyperemia

Question 14

What is the name of the cardiac glycoside that is prescribed to alter the contractions of the heart?

A) ​creatinine
B) ​digoxin
C) ​omeprazole
D) ​gentamycin
E) ​creatine

Question 15

What occurs immediately after a drug is absorbed in the body?

A) ​ionization of the drug
B) ​dissolution of the drug
C) ​reduction of the drug
D) ​distribution of the drug
E) ​oxidation of the drug

Question 16

The binding of a nutrient or food component with a drug (making it unabsorbable) is called:

A) ​chelation
B) ​dissolution
C) ​oxidation
D) ​reduction
E) ​phagocytosis

Question 17

In the United States, what proportion of physician visits includes a written prescription?

A) ​1/5
B) ​1/3
C) ​2/3
D) ​3/4
E) ​7/8

Question 18

What fruit significantly impacts the actions of drugs such as statins and cyclosporines?

A) ​prunes
B) ​grapes
C) ​grapefruit
D) ​watermelon
E) ​raspberries

Question 19

What is the effect of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors?

A) ​increase blood pH levels
B) ​decrease blood pH levels
C) ​increase calcium absorption rates
D) ​vasodilation of blood vessels
E) ​vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Question 20

Most drug biotransformation in the liver is accomplished by an enzyme called:

A) ​cytochrome P500
B) ​cytochrome P450
C) ​cytochrome R200
D) ​alpha-lipase R200
E) ​alpha-lipase R450

Question 21

What immunosuppressant medications have been associated with large amounts of magnesium loss in the urine?

A) ​corticosteroids
B) ​NSAIDs
C) ​cyclosporins
D) ​statins
E) ​H2 blockers

Question 22

NSAIDs increase the secretion of what vitamin?

A) ​A
B) ​B1
C) ​B2
D) ​B3
E) ​C

Question 23

Considering Mrs. Z is taking Allegra and Lipitor, which element of her diet is a concern for a negative drug-nutrient interaction?

A) ​hot tea
B) ​eggs
C) ​deli meats
D) ​grapefruit
E) ​spinach

Question 24

What is the primary risk of taking COX-2 inhibitors (anti-inflammatory)?

A) ​Crohn's disease
B) ​breast cancer
C) ​heart failure
D) ​hyperlipidemia
E) ​rheumatoid arthritis

Question 25

What criteria is used to identify the medications most likely to result in adverse effects?

A) ​Adams criteria
B) ​Beers criteria
C) ​Collins criteria
D) ​DuPont criteria
E) ​Elliot criteria

Question 26

What route of drug administration is absorbed at a slower rate?

A) ​buccal
B) ​sublingual
C) ​inhalation
D) ​oral
E) ​topical

Question 27

Because of the connection between increased levels of tyrosine and migraine headaches, what dietary changes should Mrs. Z make?

A) ​eliminate grapefruit
B) ​eliminate deli (cured) meats
C) ​eliminate orange juice
D) ​eliminate eggs
E) ​eliminate fresh tomatoes

Question 28

Adverse drug effects happen more often within what age group?

A) ​the elderly
B) ​middle-age people
C) ​young adults
D) ​teenagers
E) ​children

Question 29

What's a common side effect of the drug Prozac?

A) ​reduced saliva production
B) ​altered taste sensations
C) ​bloating
D) ​ decreased appetite and weight loss
E) ​heartburn

Question 30

What common drug causes insomnia?

A) ​pseudoephedrine
B) ​tramadol
C) ​ibuprofen prednisone
D) ​prednisone
E) ​diazepam

Question 31

When doing a nutrient assessment of drug-nutrient interactions, which primary organs are assessed?

A) ​kidneys, small intestine, spleen
B) ​liver, spleen, pancreas
C) ​kidneys, liver, heart
D) ​liver, heart, small intestine
E) ​kidneys, spleen, pancreas

Question 32

With no fever, shortness of breath or rales, which medication should likely be discontinued for Mrs. Z?

A) ​amoxicillin
B) ​warfarin
C) ​doxazosin
D) ​Lipitor
E) ​omeprazole

Question 33

When MAO is blocked by MAO inhibitors, what amine is affected (levels rise)?

A) ​lysine
B) ​tyramine
C) ​arginine
D) ​glycine
E) ​glutamine

Question 34

What B-vitamin supplement interferes with the metabolism of blood glucose?

A) riboflavin
B) ​biotin
C) ​pantothenic acid
D) ​folic acid
E) ​niacin

Question 35

What is the risk to the elderly of taking benzodiazapines?

A) ​stomach ulcers
B) ​constipation
C) ​kidney failure
D) ​hypertension
E) ​cognitive impairment

Question 36

What are two blood thinners that should never be taken together?

A) ​warfarin and digoxin
B) ​warfarin and NSAIDs
C) ​lithium and ACE inhibitors
D) ​digoxin and clarithromycin
E) ​lithium and NSAIDs

Question 37

What are the three main biomarkers used to assess liver function?

A) ​ALT, ALA, creatinine
B) ​ALT, AST, bilirubin
C) ​bilirubin, glucose, creatinine
D) ​ALA, glucose, serum potassium
E) ​AST, ALA, creatinine

Question 38

What current med / supplement is Mrs. Z taking that likely results in diminished clinical effectiveness or increased dosage requirements for her other medications?

A) ​Tums
B) ​vitamin E
C) ​St. John's wort
D) ​slow iron
E) ​tea

Question 39

Considering Mrs. Z is takingwarfarin, which element in her diet is a concern for a negative drug-nutrient interaction?

A) ​cold tea
B) ​orange juice
C) ​eggs
D) ​bacon
E) ​spinach

Question 40

What class of meds results in decreased absorption of calcium as well as increased urinary loss of calcium -- creating high risk for bone fracture and osteoporosis?

A) ​corticosteroids
B) ​NSAIDs
C) ​cyclosporins
D) ​statins
E) ​H2 blockers

Question 41

Aspirin is a good example of a medication that is absorbed in the _______________, but can also damage the gastric mucosa.

Question 42

The most important chemical properties of medications related to drug absorption include the solubility of the drug in lipid or water and the ionization of the medication.

Question 43

Circulation within the liver decreases by approximately 65% by age 65 years with concurrent decreases in liver mass.

Question 44

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an intricate enzyme system distributed predominantly in nervous tissue, the heart, and the small intestine.

Question 45

Suppository medications can be administered via the _______________ or the vagina.

Question 46

Natural products do not cause adverse alterations in glucose metabolism.

Question 47

People with allergies to shellfish should not take glucosamine supplements.

Question 48

 _______________ is defined as the use of drugs for treatment of disease and health maintenance.

Question 49

Some drug effects are _______________ of cellular receptors and are called nonspecific cellular responses.

Question 50

A(n) _______________ works to stimulate synthesis of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, increasing action potential.

Question 51

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) includes the use of herbs, botanicals, and megadoses of nutrients.

Question 52

When an individual takes nitroglycerin for angina, it is usually administerd via the sublingual route.

Question 53

Chromium picolinate is a supplement taken to improve _______________ sensitivity.

Question 54

Binders, lubricants, and coating agents _______________ dissolution, whereas disintegrants _______________ dissolution.

Question 55

There is no official definition for the term "megavitamin therapy," but it usually encompasses amounts of over 10 times the RDA.

Question 56

The pH at the absorption site can alter ionization of the drug, which may change the speed and effectiveness of absorption.

Question 57

_______________ are medications that specifically interrupt the production of acid in the stomach.

Question 58

The top selling dietary product in the Natural and Health Food Market is _______________.

Question 59

The older adult population represents a group of individuals with an exceptionally low risk for drug-nutrient interactions.

Question 60

Medications placed directly into the spinal canal are called _______________ or intrathecal.

Question 61

Medications that affect gastric emptying time include _______________ such as metoclopramide.

Question 62

Give an example of the effect of drugs on nutrient metabolism.

Question 63

Describe what excipients are. List some examples and what they do.

Question 64

Discuss the role of nutrition therapy in pharmacotherapy and provide an example of a drug-nutrient interaction.

Question 65

Describe factors that affect drug dissolution.

Question 66

Willow bark acts like the common drug _______________.

Question 67

List the common CAM use for licorice root.

Question 68

Amitriptyline, a common antidepressant, may cause a decrease in _______________ production.

Question 69

Most drugs of low molecular weight are filtered out of the blood in the _______________ unless they are bound to large molecules such as proteins or to erythrocytes.

Question 70

One of the most common mechanisms for alteration of drug metabolism is concurrent use of _______________.

Question 71

Explain what DASH stands for and what it is used for.

Question 72

What is parental administration and list the possible routes for parental administration of drugs.

Question 73

Discuss the drug-nutrient interactions in the elderly.

Question 74

An example of a tubular reabsorption deficit involves the use of immunosuppressant medications called _______________.

Question 75

Give an example of a negative drug-nutrient interaction involving MAOIs.

Question 76

Calcium supplements are absorbed best in an _______________ environment.

Question 77

_______________ medication formulations should be used, when available, for administration via enteral feeding tubes.

Question 78

Black _______________ extract is used to treat menstrual problems and ameliorate menopause symptoms.

Question 79

Many medications are bound to a protein carrier called _______________.

Question 80

Describe the different routes the body uses to excrete drugs. Give an example of a consequence of a specific route of excretion.