Deck 17: Diseases of the Endocrine System

Question 1

How many adrenocortical hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?​

A) ​3
B) ​4
C) ​6
D) ​12
E) ​over 50

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What percentage of the U.S. population has been diagnosed with diabetes?

A) ​1%
B) ​3%
C) 5%
D) ​8%
E) ​12%

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What adrenal medulla hormone regulates arterial blood pressure and prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses?​

A) ​oxytocin
B) ​serotonin
C) ​cortisol
D) ​epinephrine
E) ​norepinephrine

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What hormone stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and promotes ejection of milk from mammary glands during breastfeeding?​

A) ​oxytocin
B) ​serotonin
C) ​cortisol
D) ​epinephrine
E) ​norepinephrine

Question 5

What chemical class of hormones do the majority of endocrine hormones fall into?​

A) ​steroid hormones
B) ​amine hormones
C) ​neurohormones
D) ​peptide hormones
E) ​sugar-based hormones

Question 6

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?​

A) ​two
B) ​three
C) ​four
D) ​five
E) ​six

Question 7

Type 2 diabetes occurs most frequently in:​

A) ​newborns
B) ​infants
C) ​children
D) ​adolescents
E) ​adults

Question 8

What is likely the biggest risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?​

A) ​high blood pressure
B) ​cigarette smoking
C) ​obesity
D) ​drinking alcohol
E) ​ stress

Question 9

What is the term for inadequate glucose supply to the brain?​

A) ​neuropathy
B) ​neuroglycopenia
C) ​glycosuria
D) ​achlorhydria
E) ​ketoacidosis

Question 10

Amines are derivatives of what amino acid?​

A) ​tyrosine
B) ​lysine
C) ​arginine
D) ​serotonin
E) ​thyroxin

Question 11

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon?​

A) ​cortical cells
B) ​alpha cells
C) ​beta cells
D) ​delta cells
E) ​medullar cells

Question 12

What hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus, but released by the posterior pituitary?​

A) ​epinephrine and norepinephrine
B) ​serotonin and dopamineserotonin and dopamine
C) ​vasopressin and oxytocin
D) ​thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone
E) ​thyroxin and triiodothyrone

Question 13

What percentage of all diagnosed cases of diabetes does type 1 diabetes account for?

A) ​90-95%
B) ​about 75%
C) about 50%
D) ​5-10%
E) ​1-3%

Question 14

Insufficient secretion of a tropic hormone leads to:​

A) ​primary hyposecretion
B) ​secondary hyposecretion
C) ​tertiary hyposecretion
D) ​cellular hypersecretion
E) ​ductal hypersecretion

Question 15

What is the primary characteristic of all types of diabetes?

A) ​hyperglycemia
B) ​hypoglycemia
C) ​kidney disease
D) ​liver disease
E) ​hypertension

Question 16

What is the common name for chronic adrenal insufficiency?​

A) ​Crohn's disease
B) ​Parkinson's disease
C) ​Addison's disease
D) ​Lou Gehrig's disease
E) ​Marfan's syndrome

Question 17

What is the pituitary gland attached to via the pituitary stalk?​

A) hypothalamus
B) ​thalamus
C) ​pineal
D) ​medulla
E) pons

Question 18

There are how many functional groups or categories of endocrine hormones?​

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​4
D) ​5
E) ​6

Question 19

Which glands secrete somatostatin?​

A) ​pituitary and thalamus
B) ​hypothalamus and pancreas
C) ​pancreas and adrenals
D) ​hypothalamus and pineal
E) pituitary and adrenals

Question 20

What ethnic group is affected most by diabetes in the U.S.?​

A) ​Hispanic / Latinos
B) ​Asian Americans
C) ​African Americans
D) ​Native Americans
E) ​Caucasians (European ancestry)

Question 21

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing countries?​

A) ​autoimmune reaction
B) ​lack of dietary iodine
C) ​hyperthyroidism treatment
D) ​lack of dietary iron
E) ​viral infections

Question 22

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?​

A) ​120 days
B) ​100 days
C) ​75 days
D) ​45 days
E) ​12 days

Question 23

Hypoglycemia occurs when plasma glucose levels fall to:​

A) ​50 mg/dL
B) ​70 mg/dL
C) ​90 mg/dL
D) ​110 mg/dL
E) ​125 mg/dL

Question 24

What is likely the cause of JK's low blood sugar at 8 pm? ​

A) ​his insulin dosage is too high
B) ​he is eating too much
C) ​he is exercising too much
D) ​he is not exercising enough
E) ​timing and peak of his insulin are not matching his intake

Question 25

How many ways are there to diagnose diabetes?​

A) ​5
B) ​4
C) ​3
D) ​2
E) ​1

Question 26

What is the preferred initial drug to treat type 2 diabetes while using monotherapy?​

A) ​DPP-4 inhibitors
B) ​alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
C) ​glucagon
D) ​glulisine
E) ​metformin

Question 27

What are three common complications from long-term diabetes?​

A) ​kidney disease, liver disease, central neuropathy
B) ​lung disease, retinopathy, liver disease
C) ​retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, heart disease
D) ​kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, lung disease
E) ​central neuropathy, heart disease, lung disease

Question 28

What type of pharmaceutical agents are commonly used in treatment of reactive hypoglycemia in order to slow gastric emptying and intestinal motility and inhibit vagal stimulation of insulin release?​

A) ​insulin secretagogues
B) ​amylin analogs
C) ​anticholinergic agents
D) ​incretin mimetics
E) ​meglitinides

Question 29

What category of nutrient has the biggest impact on glycemic response?​

A) ​carbohydrates
B) ​fats
C) ​proteins
D) ​vitamins
E) ​minerals

Question 30

Grave's disease is a type of:​

A) ​pancreatic disorder
B) ​pituitary disorder
C) ​liver disorder
D) ​hypothyroidism
E) ​hyperthyroidism

Question 31

What causes acromegaly?​

A) ​thyroxin hypersecretion
B) ​growth hormone hypersecretion
C) ​testosterone hypersecretion
D) ​serotonin hyposecretion
E) ​epinephrine hyposecretion

Question 32

What is an inherited autoimmune disease that causes hypothyroidism and is 5-10 times more common in women?​

A) ​Hashimoto's thyroiditis
B) ​Grave's disease
C) ​lymphocytic thyroiditis
D) ​lymphoma
E) ​goiter

Question 33

What is the fasting plasma glucose diagnostic criterion for diabetes?​

A) ​greater than or equal to 95 mg/dL
B) ​greater than or equal to 106 mg/dL
C) ​greater than or equal to 116 mg/dL
D) ​greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL
E) ​greater than or equal to 145 mg/dL

Question 34

If JK and his M.D. decide to change to multiple daily injections, what's the most important thing JK should learn from his dietitian?

A) ​how to become a vegan
B) ​carbohydrate counting
C) ​how to make protein-rich smoothies
D) ​fatty acid avoidance
E) ​how to avoid artificial sweeteners

Question 35

What range did the M.D. likely use to calculate JK's initial insulin regimen?​

A) ​0.2-0.5 units/kg
B) ​0.5-0.8 units/kg
C) ​ 0.8-1.1 units/kg
D) ​1.1-1.4 units/kg
E) ​1.4-1.7 units/kg

Question 36

What percentage of the U.S. population suffers from hypothyroidism?​

A) ​about 25%
B) ​about 20%
C) ​about 10%
D) ​about 5%
E) ​about 1%

Question 37

Given his schedule, what may work better for JK?​

A) ​conventional therapy
B) ​split-dose insulin
C) ​multiple daily injections
D) ​single-dose insulin
E) ​not taking any insulin

Question 38

What would be an optimal hemoglobin A1C for JK once he begins his new insulin regimen? ​

A) ​10%
B) ​8%
C) ​7%
D) ​6%
E) ​4%

Question 39

What kind of insulin is used to treat diabetes?​

A) ​recombinant bovine insulin
B) ​insulin derived from plants
C) ​recombinant porcine insulin
D) ​insulin derived from bacteria
E) ​recombinant human insulin

Question 40

A well-known visible sign of Graves' disease, but not other types of hyperthyroidism, is:

A) ​goiter
B) ​hypertension
C) ​exophthalmos
D) ​deformed fingernails
E) ​blue-colored lips

Question 41

_______________ is the hormone released from alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall below the normal range.

Question 42

Aldosterone directly influences the kidney to retain _______________.

Question 43

Current estimates using standard criteria indicate that approximately one in five people over the age of _______________ have elevated fasting blood glucose and/or elevated glycosylated hemoglobin.

Question 44

Pituitary tumors are the most common cause of hypopituitarism.

Question 45

Secondary hyposecretion occurs when secretion of a _______________ hormone is inadequate to cause an endocrine organ to secrete adequate amounts of a hormone.

Question 46

Some forms of T1DM have no known cause and are referred to as fulminant T1DM.

Question 47

Over 25.6 million individuals in the United States, or 8% of the population, have been diagnosed with diabetes.

Question 48

The thyroid hormones are two iodine-containing hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine: thyroxine and triiodothyrone.

Question 49

The pituitary gland is located in the bony cavity at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus.

Question 50

In its active form, insulin consists of two _______________ chains linked by _______________ bridges.

Question 51

Insulin is a catabolic hormone that controls the metabolic fate of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid.

Question 52

Symptoms of hypothyroidism are generally quite significant and severe.

Question 53

The varieties of insulin available are made by genetically modifying the _______________ sequence so that there are varying pharmacokinetics.

Question 54

Islet cell autoantibodies serve as indicators of the body's destructive immune response against its own delta-cells.

Question 55

Intensive insulin therapy requires multiple _______________ injections of rapid-acting insulin.

Question 56

Active insulin enters the blood via the _______________ vein and has an approximate half-life of _______________ minutes.

Question 57

T2DM is caused by a combination of abnormal insulin secretion and insulin resistance.

Question 58

Individuals using conventional therapy to treat diabetes mellitus must synchronize administration of their insulin and food intake to avoid _______________.

Question 59

The anabolic effect of insulin on protein metabolism produces a positive _______________ balance.

Question 60

Reactive hypoglycemia may occur in individuals with diabetes due to administration of insufficient insulin or oral diabetes medications.

Question 61

Discuss nephropathy in regards to diabetes.

Question 62

List the four categories of hormones based on function.

Question 63

_______________ hypoglycemia usually results from excess insulin or insulin-like substances that are secreted as a result of external factors such as alcohol or drug ingestion.

Question 64

Describe the endocrine cells of the pancreas.

Question 65

_______________ control is fundamental to the management of diabetes and provides the basis for monitoring and evaluation of the condition.

Question 66

Severe hypoglycemia is defined as blood glucose level of _______________ mg/dL.

Question 67

Discuss the etiology of hypothyroidism throughout the world.

Question 68

Define hypoglycemia.

Question 69

Define polycystic ovarian syndrome and list the common characteristics.

Question 70

Diabetes _______________ results from insufficient production of vasopressin by the hypothalamus.

Question 71

Continuous glucose monitoring uses a device that communicates with a sensor placed under the _______________.

Question 72

Discuss pituitary tumors.

Question 73

Thyroid disorders are common _______________ disorders and fall into two major categories: hypothyroidism and _______________.

Question 74

_______________ syndrome, also called hypercortisolism, is a rare disorder caused by chronic exposure to excessive circulating cortisol.

Question 75

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is _______________, which accounts for approximately 60-80% of cases.

Question 76

Of the four meal planning approaches used in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), the most successful was _______________counting.

Question 77

A primary cause of fasting hypoglycemia is hyperinsulinism due to pancreatic _______________.

Question 78

Explain the "dawn phenomenon."​

Question 79

List the basic types of insulin delivery regimens.

Question 80

Discuss metabolic syndrome in relation to diabetes.