Deck 20: Diseases and Disorders of the Neurological System

Question 1

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A) ​endocrine and exocrine nervous systems
B) ​upper and lower nervous systems
C) ​spinal and extremity nervous systems
D) ​central and peripheral nervous systems
E) ​cerebral and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the term for delayed or slowed body movements?

A) ​akinesia
B) ​aneurysm
C) ​paraplegia
D) ​epilepsy
E) ​bradykinesia

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What functional cell of the nervous system is responsible for transmission of information from one cell to another?​

A) ​nerves
B) ​neurons
C) ​ganglions
D) glial cells
E) ​lymphocytes

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What drug for epilepsy inhibits both vitamin D and folate metabolism?

A) ​valproate
B) ​carbamazepine
C) ​gabapentin
D) ​phenytoin
E) ​topiramate

Question 5

What is the term for the body of a neuron?

A) ​dendrite
B) ​axon
C) ​filament
D) ​soma
E) ​myelin

Question 6

What is the term for a loss of voluntary movement?

A) ​akinesia
B) ​aneurysm
C) ​paraplegia
D) ​epilepsy
E) ​bradykinesia

Question 7

What inhibitory neurotransmitter controls body posture and movement?

A) ​acetylcholine
B) glutamate
C) ​dopamine
D) ​serotonin
E) ​norepinephrine

Question 8

What is the primary issue with attempting to feed stroke patients?

A) ​loss of taste sensation
B) ​reduced saliva production
C) loss of appetite
D) ​potential for weight gain
E) dysphagia

Question 9

What lifestyle factor is the strongest predictor of stroke risk?

A) ​cigarette smoking
B) ​alcohol consumption
C) ​taking illicit drugs
D) ​obesity
E) ​drinking soda pop

Question 10

Extended seizure activity lasting over 5 minutes is called:

A) ​grand-mal
B) ​petit-mal
C) ​tonic-clonic
D) ​epilepsy
E) ​status epilepticus

Question 11

What percentage of the population can expect to have a seizure within their lifetime?

A) ​5%
B) ​10%
C) ​20%
D) ​30%
E) ​50%

Question 12

The classic ketogenic diet is typically initiated with what macronutrient ratio?​

A) ​4 fat to 1 protein and carbohydrate
B) ​4 carbohydrate to 1 protein
C) ​4 protein to 1 carbohydrate
D) ​4 protein to 1 fat
E) ​4 carbohydrate to 1 fat

Question 13

Within what approximate time frame does necrosis (cell death) occur due to lack of blood,  oxygen and glucose supplied to the brain?

A) ​at least 30 minutes
B) ​20-25 minutes
C) ​12-18 minutes
D) ​4-10 minutes
E) ​1-3 minutes

Question 14

Epilepsy is considered as a diagnosis when there are how many unprovoked seizures?​

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​4
D) ​5
E) ​6

Question 15

In the United States, what demographic is at highest risk of stroke?​

A) ​Asian Americans
B) ​African Americans
C) ​Caucasians (European ancestry)
D) ​Native Americans
E) ​Hispanics

Question 16

What disease or disorder is characterized by demyelination of cells within the CNS, inflammation, and development of scar tissue?

A) ​Parkinson's
B) ​multiple sclerosis
C) ​Alzheimer's
D) ​myasthenia gravis
E) ​amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 17

Where is the neurotransmitter dopamine produced within the brain?

A) ​pons
B) ​occipital lobe
C) ​substantia nigra
D) ​thalamus
E) ​hypothalamus

Question 18

What symptom, visible in the hands, is characteristic of Parkinson's disease?​

A) ​blue discolor
B) ​red discolor
C) ​tremor
D) ​severe edema
E) ​swollen joints

Question 19

What type of diets are recommended for people with seizures / epilepsy?​

A) ​high carbohydrate diets
B) ​fruit-only diets
C) ​ketogenic diets
D) ​low-fat diets
E) ​dense protein diets

Question 20

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A) ​endocrine and exocrine
B) ​upper and lower
C) ​sympathetic and parasympathetic
D) ​central and peripheral
E) ​voluntary and involuntary

Question 21

How many distinct types of multiple sclerosis (MS) are there?​

A) ​6
B) ​5
C) ​4
D) ​3
E) ​2

Question 22

What is the best estimate for KL's protein needs?​

A) ​0.6-0.9 g/kg
B) ​0.9-1.1 g/kg
C) ​1.15 g/kg
D) ​1.2-1.5 g/kg
E) ​1.5-2.0 g/kg

Question 23

Quadriplegia or tetraplegia refers to paralysis involving what part(s) of the body?

A) ​all four limbs
B) ​the entire body
C) ​the legs and feet
D) ​the arms and hands
E) ​hands and fingers

Question 24

Injury to what segment of the spine results in damage to the chest and abdominal muscles?

A) ​cervical
B) ​thoracic
C) ​lumbar
D) ​sacral
E) ​coccyx

Question 25

What level of energy intake per day is the most appropriate for KL?​

A) ​1,800 kcal
B) ​2,100 kcal
C) ​2,400 kcal
D) ​2,700 kcal
E) ​3,000 kcal

Question 26

Which gland is often abnormal in patients with myasthenia gravis?​

A) ​thymus gland
B) ​thyroid gland
C) ​adrenal glands
D) ​pituitary gland
E) ​pineal gland

Question 27

What age group has the highest rate of traumatic brain injuries due to motor vehicle accidents?​

A) ​young adults 18-25
B) middle-aged adults
C) children under 5​
D) ​elderly
E) ​adolescents

Question 28

Which of the following might reduce KL's metabolic requirements?​

A) ​use of paralytic drugs
B) ​use of appetite stimulant
C) ​use of morphine
D) ​KL's gender
E) ​KL's race

Question 29

What is the primary medicinal treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?

A) ​oral anticholinesterase drugs
B) ​retrodopa
C) ​high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin
D) ​high-dose intravenous vitamin C
E) ​riluzole

Question 30

What is the strongest known risk factor for MS?

A) ​cigarette smoking
B) ​genetics
C) ​obesity
D) ​living in northern climates
E) ​vegetarian diet

Question 31

What is the only current medicinal treatment for ALS, which appears to affect the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate?

A) ​riluzole
B) ​benserazide
C) ​carbidopa
D) ​levodopa
E) ​immunoglobulin

Question 32

What is the chemical precursor to dopamine?

A) ​retrodopa
B) ​levodopa
C) ​monoamine oxidase
D) ​carbidopa
E) ​benserazide

Question 33

What is likely the best way to feed KL while he is in the hospital?​

A) ​nasogastric tube
B) ​nasoenteric tube
C) ​parenteral nutrients
D) ​baby food orally
E) ​keep NPO (withhold oral food & fluids)

Question 34

What is the best means of determining KL's caloric needs while in the hospital?

A) ​Mifflin-St Jeor equation
B) ​Harris-Benedict equation
C) ​WHO standards
D) ​indirect calorimetry
E) ​Glasgow coma scale

Question 35

What amino acids are needed in higher amounts in patients with pressure ulcers?​

A) ​lysine and tyrosine
B) ​tyrosine and valine
C) ​arginine and glutamine
D) ​valine and cysteine
E) ​lysine and cysteine

Question 36

What percentage of patients with GBS completely recover within 18 months of onset?

A) ​15%
B) ​25%
C) ​40%
D) ​60%
E) ​85%

Question 37

The first stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by:​

A) ​depression and anger
B) ​hand tremors and confusion
C) ​headaches and depression
D) ​memory loss and confusion
E) ​memory loss and muscle weakness

Question 38

In myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune reaction damages or destroys the cellular receptors for what neurotransmitter?​

A) ​dopamine
B) ​serotonin
C) ​epinephrine
D) ​norepinephrine
E) ​acetylcholine

Question 39

What medications act to reduce the breakdown of L-dopa outside the blood-brain barrier?

A) ​COMT inhibitors
B) ​dopamine agonists
C) ​MAO-B inhibitors
D) ​decarboxylase inhibitors
E) ​anticholinergic meds

Question 40

What are the two major physical changes in the brain that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

A) ​aluminum deposition and edema
B) ​amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
C) ​amyloid plaques and hypertrophy
D) ​calcification and hypertrophy
E) ​aluminum deposition and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 41

The _______________ status of patients at the onset of the injury is an important consideration for a successful recovery.

Question 42

ALS affects involuntary types of neurons, such as those involved in memory, reasoning, vision, and hearing, as well as muscular processes such as heartbeat and digestion.

Question 43

The components of a neuron are the soma, _______________, axon, and axon terminals.

Question 44

For most stroke patients, evidence supports delayed initiation (2 weeks) of nutrition support due to risk of weight gain.

Question 45

 The percentage of individuals relieved from seizures with anti-epileptic drugs is around _______________ percent.

Question 46

Although the exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unclear, it results in the loss of serotonin-producing cells in the thalamus portion of the brain.

Question 47

Traumatic brain injuries are classified as either penetrating brain injuries or closed-head injuries.

Question 48

 Most inflammatory conditions of the spinal cord are treated with NSAIDs.

Question 49

_______________ are not considered to be a stroke, but are episodes of ischemia that lead to momentary symptoms consistent with the loss of oxygen to the brain.

Question 50

Because the ketogenic diet is low in fiber and _______________ and insufficient in other nutrients, supplementation is recommended to avoid deficiencies.

Question 51

The somatic division of the PNS carries messages forward to the CNS from the sensory organs, and outward from the CNS to the muscles for action.

Question 52

Individuals with stroke do not experience the _______________ phase that is seen in the acute period after traumatic brain injury.

Question 53

The major variations of ketogenic diets in use today include the classic ketogenic diet, the _______________ triglyceride diet, the low-glycemic-index treatment, and the modified Atkins diet.

Question 54

A(n) _______________ stroke occurs as a neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal infarction.

Question 55

Ischemic strokes are the least most common form, accounting for about 10% of all strokes.

Question 56

A high protein intake interferes with optimal levels of L-dopa due to competition for protein carriers.

Question 57

Partial seizures can be further classified as simple partial or complex partial.

Question 58

The term developmental delay is a catch-all phrase used to describe any lag in reaching age-appropriate developmental milestones.

Question 59

Febrile seizures are triggered by high _______________.

Question 60

Endorphins are _______________ that naturally occur in the brain.

Question 61

Because spinal cord injury patients have lower metabolic rates, preventing excessive _______________ is crucial.

Question 62

Approximately _______________ percent of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) patients report onset of symptoms 1-3 weeks after an infection.

Question 63

Define the term stroke.

Question 64

 _______________ is a term used to describe a cluster of symptoms including bradykinesia with rigidity and/or tremor.

Question 65

Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated disease characterized by destruction of the _______________ and the formation of scar tissue.

Question 66

Explain the clinical manifestations of ALS.

Question 67

Define Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Question 68

Vitamin _______________ is required as a cofactor for one of the enzymes needed for the conversion of L-dopa to dopamine.

Question 69

Distinguish between complete and partial spinal cord injuries.

Question 70

Paraplegia is defined as paralysis involving the lower body below the _______________.

Question 71

Discuss the prevention of stroke and acute care following stroke.

Question 72

Approximately 30 percent of patients with GBS require mechanical _______________.

Question 73

Describe how a neuron passes its message on to another neuron and how this model ensures specificity.

Question 74

Explain the primary roles of the parietal lobe.

Question 75

Myasthenia gravis is a(n) _______________ neuromuscular disease that affects the skeletal muscles and results in varying levels of weakness and fatigue.

Question 76

Many patients with severe head injuries require surgery for removal or repair of _______________ and contusions.

Question 77

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, commonly known as _______________ disease, is a progressive neurological disease that affects the motor neurons of the nervous system.

Question 78

Describe the pathophysiology of primary and secondary traumatic brain injury.

Question 79

 List the two forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Question 80

Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD).