Deck 9: Crags, cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

Question 1

A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo ____________.

A) shortening
B) stretching
C) shear strain

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Motion along all faults is either strike-slip or dip-slip; combinations of these two types of displacement are never found together in a single fault.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Most fault surfaces,like joints,are roughly planar in orientation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Mt.Everest,the tallest mountain in the world,is located on the continent of ____________.

A) Africa
B) Asia
C) North America
D) Europe

Question 5

A body of rock to which a sudden,rapid stress has been applied is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a body of rock subjected to a gradually applied stress.

A) brittle behavior
B) ductile behavior

Question 6

Right-lateral and left-lateral are both examples of ____________ faults.

A) strike-slip
B) dip-slip
C) oblique-slip

Question 7

Normal,reverse,and thrust are all examples of ____________ faults.

A) strike-slip
B) dip-slip
C) oblique-slip

Question 8

Change in shape,induced by stress,is termed ____________.

A) plastic deformation
B) pressure release
C) strain
D) metamorphosis

Question 9

A body of rock under high pressure is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a body of rock at low pressure.

A) brittle behavior
B) ductile behavior

Question 10

A joint always occurs as a single,isolated plane within a rock.

Question 11

A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo ____________.

A) shortening
B) stretching
C) shear strain

Question 12

Force per unit area is termed ____________.

A) stress
B) strain
C) power
D) work

Question 13

It is possible for offset along an oblique-slip fault to have both ____________ components.

A) normal and reverse
B) right-lateral and left-lateral
C) normal and left-lateral

Question 14

Movement along faults often produces sharply angled rock fragments termed ____________.

A) fault gouge
B) rock flour
C) fault breccia
D) slickensides

Question 15

A hot body of rock is more likely to exhibit ____________ than is a cold body of rock.

A) brittle behavior
B) ductile behavior

Question 16

The distinction between joints and faults is that ____________.

A) faults are joints that are greater than one square meter in areal extent
B) faults are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along joints
C) joints are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along faults
D) there is no distinction; the two terms are synonymous

Question 17

Earthquakes only occur ____________ the brittle/ductile transition depth.

A) above
B) below
C) at or near

Question 18

Mountain ranges are associated with modern and ancient convergent plate boundaries,but do not form in association with either divergent or transform plate boundaries.

Question 19

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n)____________.

A) orogeny
B) phylogeny
C) aureole
D) slickenside

Question 20

In the above map the vertical,north-south trending fault is a ____________ fault.

A) normal dip-slip
B) reverse dip-slip
C) right-lateral strike-slip
D) left-lateral strike-slip

Question 21

The balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle is termed ____________.

A) punctuated equilibrium
B) homeostatic equilibrium
C) isostatic equilibrium
D) osmotic equilibrium

Question 22

In a ____________ fault,the fault plane is nonvertical and the hanging-wall block moves downward relative to the footwall block.

A) detachment
B) normal
C) reverse
D) thrust

Question 23

In a ____________ fault,the fault plane is less than 30° from horizontal and the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block.

A) detachment
B) normal
C) reverse
D) thrust

Question 24

The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the fold ____________.

A) limb
B) hinge
C) midsection
D) thorax

Question 25

The sides of a fold where curvature is at a minimum are termed ____________.

A) branches
B) limbs
C) axial planes
D) hinges

Question 26

A fold shaped like an elongate arch is a(n)____________.

A) anticline
B) basin
C) dome
D) syncline

Question 27

The outer portion of a craton,where deformed rocks are covered by sediments,is termed the ____________.

A) shield
B) cratonic platform
C) convergent margin

Question 28

A fold shaped like an elongate trough is a(n)____________.

A) anticline
B) basin
C) dome
D) syncline

Question 29

On a geologic map,if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull's eye pattern of concentric circles,with the youngest unit in the center,the underlying structure is a(n)____________.

A) anticline
B) basin
C) dome
D) syncline

Question 30

On a geologic map,if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull's eye pattern of concentric circles,with the oldest unit in the center,the underlying structure is a(n)____________.

A) anticline
B) basin
C) dome
D) syncline

Question 31

Tectonic foliation,such as elongation of quartz grains,always occurs parallel to the original bedding plane of a body of rock.

Question 32

A fold shaped like an upside-down bowl is a(n)____________.

A) anticline
B) basin
C) dome
D) syncline

Question 33

Within a cratonic platform,sedimentary rocks always have a horizontal orientation.

Question 34

Regions of continents that have not been subjected to orogeny during the past one billion years are termed ____________.

A) exotic terranes
B) accreted terranes
C) cratons

Question 35

On a geologic map,if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines,with the youngest unit in the center,the underlying structure is a(n)____________.

A) anticline
B) basin
C) dome
D) syncline

Question 36

Continental crust is typically 35 km thick,but may be up to ____________ thicker under mountain ranges.

A) 20%
B) 50%
C) 100%
D) 200%

Question 37

In a ____________ fault,the fault plane is greater than 30° from horizontal and the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block.

A) detachment
B) normal
C) reverse
D) thrust

Question 38

Regions where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface are termed ____________.

A) shields
B) cratonic platforms
C) convergent margins

Question 39

A polished surface produced by rock scraping along a fault is termed a(n)____________.

A) orogeny
B) phylogeny
C) aureole
D) slickenside

Question 40

A fold shaped like a right-side up bowl is a(n)____________.

A) anticline
B) basin
C) dome
D) syncline