Deck 3: Epidemiology of Periodontal Diseases

Question 1

Two of the individuals in the sample group with no evidence of periodontal disease smoked.What was the number in the sample who did not smoke and did not have periodontal disease?

A) 20
B) 25
C) 38
D) 50

Answer 1

38

Question 2

Tobacco use is associated with increased levels of periodontal disease.It has multiple systemic effects that alter the inflammatory process.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The second statement is FALSE, and the first statement is TRUE.

Answer 2

Both statements are TRUE.

Question 3

No gender differences were identified in the sample studied; both men and women in the study group demonstrated the same characteristics of smoking and periodontal disease.What conclusion can the dental hygienist draw about the effects of gender on periodontal disease in this population?

A) The results were equally generalizable to men and women in the population.
B) Based on previous published evidence, the dental hygienist knew that the men in the population had more disease.
C) The results could only be attributed to the smaller study group; gender differences were likely present in the population.
D) No conclusions could be drawn about the population from the sample because it did not conform to previously published data.

Answer 3

The results were equally generalizable to men and women in the population.

Question 4

The rate of occurrence of new disease in a population over a given period is known as:

A) Incidence
B) Prevalence
C) Risk factors
D) Severity
E) Sample

Question 5

The level of disease in a population is known as:

A) Incidence
B) Prevalence
C) Risk factors
D) Severity
E) Sample

Question 6

What is the best way to identify the 50 subjects from the population of 100?

A) Select every other individual.
B) Randomly select 50 individuals.
C) Examine the first 50 individuals.
D) Select the first 25 women and the first 25 men.
E) Place the individuals in alphabetical order, and select every other person.

Question 7

Use the following epidemiologic study to answer the following exercises.
In an epidemiologic study of periodontal disease, the dental hygienist identified a population of 100 individuals but could only select 50 for examination because of time and resource constraints.All of the individuals were to be examined within 2 weeks while they were visiting the local dental clinic.The dental hygienist planned to probe all teeth in each subject and set the definition of disease at one probe depth of 4 mm.The dental hygienist was also interested in identifying risk factors; therefore the subjects were questioned regarding age, socioeconomic status, and smoking status.Both men and women were included in the study and were in equal proportion in the population of 100.
What kind of epidemiologic study is planned?

A) Cohort design
B) Case-control design
C) Cross-sectional design

Question 8

Ten of the subjects in the study group met the criterion for having periodontal disease.The percent of the sample with periodontal disease was:

A) Ten of 50 or 20%
B) Five of 10 or 50%
C) Ten of 10 or 100%
D) Ten of 100 or 10%

Question 9

The 1987 national data on the oral health of United States adults showed that calculus is present in approximately ____________ of all adults.

A) One-fourth
B) One-third
C) One-half
D) Two-thirds

Question 10

Which plaque scoring system evaluates the amount of plaque at the gingival margin?

A) O'Leary Plaque Index
B) Silness-Löe Plaque Index
C) Gingival index (GI) developed by Löe and Silness
D) Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) of Greene and Vermillion

Question 11

The number of cases of disease present in a population at one time is:

A) Incidence
B) Prevalence
C) Risk factors
D) Severity
E) Sample

Question 12

Exposures,behaviors,and characteristics associated with disease are:

A) Incidence
B) Prevalence
C) Risk factors
D) Severity
E) Sample

Question 13

The dental hygienist was able to generalize the results to the broader population.The percent of the population with periodontal disease was:

A) Ten of 50 or 20%
B) Five of 10 or 50%
C) Ten of 10 or 100%
D) Ten of 100 or 10%

Question 14

Which index uses a specially designed periodontal probe called the World Health Organization probe?

A) Sulcus bleeding index (SBI)
B) Russell Periodontal Index
C) Periodontal disease index (PDI), developed by Sigurd Ramfjord
D) Community index of periodontal treatment needs (CIPTN)

Question 15

When conducting research,an entire set of individuals is known as:

A) Sample
B) Population
C) Cohort
D) Generalizable

Question 16

Which index has both a debris and calculus index that can be combined for an oral hygiene index?

A) O'Leary Plaque Index
B) Silness-Löe Plaque Index
C) GI developed by Löe and Silness
D) OHI-S of Greene and Vermillion

Question 17

Two of the individuals in the studied sample group who had periodontal disease also smoked.What percent of the sample with periodontal disease smoked?

A) 2%
B) 4%
C) 20%
D) 100%

Question 18

What percent of the study population both smoked and had periodontal disease?

A) 2%
B) 5%
C) 20%
D) 100%

Question 19

When the data were collected on the 50 subjects,how broadly could the findings be generalized?

A) To all persons in the world
B) To the population of America
C) To the population living in the area
D) To the 100 members of the larger group

Question 20

What is the best way for the researcher to evaluate smoking among the population?

A) Ask each person how much he or she smokes.
B) Define smoking by a specified amount. Divide the group into smokers and nonsmokers.
C) Include everyone who smokes or who has ever smoked.

Question 21

Epidemiologic research focuses on individuals,rather than entire groups.

Question 22

List three of the six risk factors identified during the NHANES-III research that have affected the potential development of oral health diseases.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

Question 23

When conducting research,a group of individuals within a population is known as a:

A) Sample
B) Population
C) Cohort
D) Generalizable

Question 24

List one of the two primary bleeding indices: ________________________________

Question 25

List one of the two primary indices of periodontal disease: ______________________

Question 26

Epidemiology is the study of health and disease in populations.

Question 27

Prevalence describes the level of disease in a population.

Question 28

The name of the epidemiologic measurement used for determining the level of periodontal need in a community is the __________________________________________.

Question 29

List one of the two primary plaque debris indices: ___________________________

Question 30

Incidence describes the level of disease in a population.

Question 31

Prevalence of disease in a population refers to the number of cases present in a given population at one time.

Question 32

List one of the two primary calculus indices: _______________________________

Question 33

If a large epidemiologic study is conducted,then research findings from a sample in a population can be a:

A) Sample
B) Population
C) Cohort
D) Generalization

Question 34

Risk factors are exposures,behaviors,and characteristics associated with disease.

Question 35

Epidemiologic research includes people without disease.

Question 36

_______________________ is the most commonly found type of epidemiologic disease in populations.