Deck 2: Earth Materials

Question 1

What type of bond forms from the sharing of electrons between atoms?

A)covalent bond
B)metallic bond
C)ionic bond
D)Van der Waals bond

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The atomic number of an atom is

A)the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
B)the number of protons in the nucleus.
C)the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
D)the number of electron energy levels.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The property of a mineral to resist scratching is referred to as

A)streak.
B)density.
C)hardness.
D)tenacity.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Based on the definition of a mineral - being a naturally occurring solid,formed by inorganic processes,with a characteristic crystal structure and specific chemical composition,which materials will be classified as minerals?

A)water and ice
B)ice and steel
C)steel and coal
D)ice and quartz

Question 5

The smallest particle that retains all of the chemical properties of an element is called a(n)

A)molecule.
B)isotope.
C)atom.
D)ion.

Question 6

The smallest chemical unit that has all the properties of a particular compound is called a(n)

A)molecule.
B)isotope.
C)atom.
D)ion.

Question 7

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called

A)molecules.
B)isotopes.
C)elements.
D)ions.

Question 8

The mass number of an atom is:

A)the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
B)the number of protons in the nucleus.
C)the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
D)the number of electron energy levels.

Question 9

To which of the following groups do most minerals in Earth's crust belong?

A)oxides
B)halides
C)carbonates
D)silicates

Question 10

Which element is the most abundant (by weight)in Earth's crust?

A)silicon
B)iron
C)calcium
D)oxygen

Question 11

A hypothetical ion X has an electrical charge of -2.Which of the following statements best describes the relative number of electrons and protons in the atom?

A)The X ion has 2 less electrons than protons.
B)The X ion has 2 more electrons than protons.
C)The X ion has the same number of electrons as protons.
D)The X ion has 1 less electron than protons.

Question 12

The property of a mineral that relates to how heavy it is for its size is referred to as:

A)streak.
B)density.
C)hardness.
D)tenacity

Question 13

In the illustration below,the part of the atom in which virtually all the mass is concentrated is referred to as the:

A)first electron energy level.
B)second electron energy level.
C)Both A and B are correct.
D)nucleus.

Question 14

The natural samples of corundum pictured below show variations of color from red (ruby)to blue (sapphire).The differences in color is best explained by:

A)polymerization
B)crystal structure
C)the principle of atomic substitution
D)polymorphism

Question 15

In the illustration below,the part(s)of the atom that has a negative charge is referred to as the:

A)first electron energy level.
B)second electron energy level.
C)Both A and B are correct.
D)nucleus.

Question 16

What type of bond forms the strongest chemical bonds and compounds that tend to be strong with great hardness?

A)covalent bond
B)metallic bond
C)ionic bond
D)Van der Waals bond

Question 17

In the illustration below,the part of the atom that has a positive charge is referred to as the:

A)first electron energy level.
B)second electron energy level.
C)Both A and B are correct.
D)nucleus.

Question 18

One atom of a hypothetical element X has 27 protons while another has 29.This would make the two atoms of the element

A)molecules.
B)compounds.
C)ions.
D)isotopes.

Question 19

Why is steel not considered a mineral?

A)It is organic.
B)It is man-made.
C)It doesn't have a crystalline structure.
D)All of the above

Question 20

What type of weak bond results from asymmetry in charge distribution?

A)covalent bond
B)metallic bond
C)ionic bond
D)Van der Waals bond

Question 21

The properties of compounds are not the same as the properties of their constituent elements.

Question 22

Which of the following is the hardest silicate structure?

A)single tetrahedron
B)hexagonal ring
C)sheet
D)framework

Question 23

Which rock sample is held together by naturally forming cement?

A)Sample A.
B)Sample B.
C)Sample C.
D)None of the above answers are correct.

Question 24

A molecule is the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of an element.

Question 25

Minerals can be described in terms of two kinds of features: assemblage and texture.

Question 26

Which rock sample has been altered by heat and pressure so that a new mineral assemblage and rock fabric has developed?

A)Sample A.
B)Sample B.
C)Sample C.
D)None of the above answers are correct.

Question 27

What element bonds with a silicon atom to form the "silicate" tetrahedron?

A)oxygen
B)hydrogen
C)oxygen and hydrogen
D)carbon

Question 28

Which sample is an example of sedimentary rock?

A)Sample A.
B)Sample B.
C)Sample C.
D)None of the above answers are correct.

Question 29

The color of a mineral is not necessarily useful in identification.

Question 30

In the photograph of the quartz crystal below,the angles between similar faces are constant because of the chemical composition of the mineral.

Question 31

In ionic bonding,one atom may transfer electrons to another,creating ions with differing electrical charge.

Question 32

Which rock sample is formed from cooling and solidifying magma?

A)Sample A.
B)Sample B.
C)Sample C.
D)None of the above answers are correct.

Question 33

Which sample is an example of an igneous rock?

A)Sample A.
B)Sample B.
C)Sample C.
D)None of the above answers are correct.

Question 34

Ionic bonds are the strongest chemical bonds,and elements and compounds with ionic bonds (such as diamond)tend to be strong and hard.

Question 35

Which of the following is the weakest silicate structure?

A)single tetrahedron
B)hexagonal ring
C)sheet
D)framework
E)single chain

Question 36

Silicon is the most abundant element in Earth's crust.

Question 37

The principle of atomic substitution is an exception to the rule that minerals have a specific chemical formula.

Question 38

What charge does the silicate ion contribute to form the silicate tetrahedron?

A)negative
B)no charge
C)positive
D)negative and positive
E)all of the above

Question 39

A neutron is a positively charged particle with an atomic mass of 1,which resides in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 40

The two most common mineral families in Earth's crust are

A)the silicates and the oxides.
B)the silicates and the carbonates.
C)the carbonates and the oxides.
D)the phosphates and the oxides.

Question 41

In ______,two elements are so similar in size and bonding properties that one can exchange for the other during crystallization.

Question 42

Sample (A,B,or C)_____ is a rock formed when mineral and rock particles are transported by water,wind,or ice and then deposited in a given location.Such rocks are classified as sedimentary rocks.

Question 43

The property of ______ is a mineral's resistance to scratching.

Question 44

_____ and silicon are the two most common elements in Earth's crust.

Question 45

Based on their origins,rocks can be divided into three distinct families: _______,sedimentary,and metamorphic.

Question 46

The illustration below shows five different silicate structures.Of these,the structure labeled _____ exhibits the strongest structure for silicates.

Question 47

An atom that has an excess positive or negative electrical charge caused by the loss or addition of one or more electron is called a(n)______.

Question 48

The four types of bonding that are important in minerals are ______,covalent,metallic,and Van der Waals.

Question 49

The illustration below shows five different silicate structures.Of these,the structure labeled _____ is the most abundant in silicate minerals of Earth's crust.

Question 50

In the photograph of rock samples and outcrops,shown below,sample (A,B,or C)_____ is the rock held together by naturally occurring cement.

Question 51

A(n)______ is the most fundamental substance into which matter can be separated by chemical means.

Question 52

Some minerals break along specific directions of weakness in their crystal structures.This property of a mineral to break in this predictable way is referred to as______.

Question 53

Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma.Sample (A,B,or C)_____ has formed by this processes.

Question 54

To be considered a mineral,a naturally occurring,inorganic solid must have a specific chemical composition and a characteristic ______ structure.

Question 55

The _____ of a mineral is the color of the mineral when powdered,which is usually accomplished in soft minerals by rubbing the sample against an unglazed porcelain plate.

Question 56

The mass number of an atom is the sum of the protons and ______.

Question 57

Sample (A,B,or C)_____ is of a rock whose original sedimentary or igneous form and mineral assemblage have been changed as a result of exposure to high temperature,high pressure or both.This type of rock is referred to as a metamorphic rock.

Question 58

The photo below shows two specimens of the mineral quartz.According to Steno's law the angle shown between faces 1 and 3 will be ______ in both samples.

Question 59

A(n)______ is the smallest chemical unit that retains all of the properties of a compound.

Question 60

The two most abundant mineral families of Earth's crust are the silicates and the _____.

Question 61

What are the four requirements necessary to classify a solid material as a mineral?

Question 62

Discuss some of the ways in which the properties of minerals and rocks can affect our daily lives?

Question 63

Explain why it is not necessary to chemically analyze a common mineral in order to make an identification.

Question 64

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding? Which type of bonding creates compounds that tend to be relatively strong and hard?

Question 65

There are 8 protons in the nucleus of an oxygen atom.How many neutrons are there in oxygen 16,oxygen 17,and oxygen 18,respectively?

Question 66

What is the relationship between cleavage,crystal structure,and crystal faces? Speculate about how different types of bonding might influence each of these.

Question 67

The figure below illustrates bonding in two crystalline structures of carbon.Indicate which one is the structure of graphite and which diamond.Identify the type of bonding in each case and explain how the different bonding in the structures relates to the great difference in hardness between the two minerals.

Question 68

Two chemical elements make up 70 percent of Earth's crust by weight.What are the two elements,and what family of minerals do they form?

Question 69

With approximately 3,500 known minerals,why are there only about thirty common rock-forming minerals?

Question 70

Why is color an unreliable property to use when identifying a mineral?

Question 71

What's the difference between a rock and a mineral?

Question 72

What are the three families of rocks? How does each of these families differ?

Question 73

The photographs below show an outcrop and close up view of a particular kind of rock.What type of rock is it,and what holds this type of rock together? Also,explain how such a rock might form.

Question 74

Crystals of the same type (i.e.quartz)all have a similar shape with flat crystals and specific angles between crystal faces.What controls this predictable geometry?

Question 75

What holds rocks together?