Deck 1: The Sociological Perspective

Question 1

What do sociologists refer to as the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society?

A)the personal troubles approach
B)the sociological imagination
C)global interdependence
D)public awareness

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Using your sociological imagination to study the social world would involve which of the following?

A)a reason to separate personal experiences and the social contexts in which they occur
B)a plan for minimizing personal troubles and public issues
C)an excuse for why personal troubles,such as losing one's job,happen
D)a way to connect microlevel troubles with compelling issues of our day

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What characterizes middle-income countries?

A)highly industrialized economies
B)moderate levels of national and personal income
C)technologically advanced administrative and service occupations
D)little industrialization and primarily agrarian economies

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the text,Émile Durkheim conducted "the first sociological study to use scientific research methods" on what topic?

A)depression
B)work
C)suicide
D)war

Question 5

Siobhan has decided to study eating disorders for her Master's thesis in sociology.What will her research likely involve?

A)examining individual psychoses and their relation to food
B)looking for patterns of behaviour even though individuals,and not groups,usually have eating disorders
C)identifying psychological factors that correlate with high rates of eating disorders
D)examining biological factors that promote or predispose individuals toward eating disorders

Question 6

What countries are characterized by industrializing economies in urban areas and moderate levels of national and personal income?

A)high-income countries
B)middle-income countries
C)low-income countries
D)developing countries

Question 7

The statement "Children who grow up in a family with gay parents are more likely to be gay" is an example of which of the following?

A)falsehood
B)myth
C)misnomer
D)sociological generalization

Question 8

What is a society?

A)a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations
B)a group of wealthy elites who support the arts,especially opera,symphony,and ballet
C)a series of social relationships that link an individual to others
D)a set of organized beliefs and rules that are established to meet basic social needs

Question 9

What would using the sociological imagination to understand why suicide rates are high in some Aboriginal communities in Canada demonstrate?

A)suicide as a personal trouble
B)suicide as a public issue
C)a historical explanation of suicide
D)suicide as a random act among individuals

Question 10

According to the text,what helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and a more thorough understanding of the social world?

A)psychology
B)common sense
C)sociology
D)life experiences

Question 11

According to sociologists,what do most people take for granted?

A)We take our personal lives for granted and view the world in societal terms.
B)We take our social standing for granted and are relatively unconcerned about social mobility.
C)We take our families for granted and discount their views.
D)We take our social world for granted and view our lives in very personal terms.

Question 12

What frequently guides our ordinary conduct in everyday life?

A)sociological data
B)commonsense knowledge
C)scientific information
D)impulsive behaviour

Question 13

Durkheim's study of suicide found that a high suicide rate indicates which of the following?

A)inherited tendencies
B)the individual was alienated from society
C)lack of cohesiveness
D)individual personality disturbances

Question 14

What is the definition of sociology?

A)the systematic study of human society and social interaction
B)the methodological analysis of the politics of socialism
C)the scientific analysis of primitive people
D)the academic discipline that examines individual human behaviour

Question 15

Imagine a world where people's lives are closely intertwined,where one nation's problems are part of a larger global problem.What sociological term would accurately describe this?

A)global cohesiveness
B)global symbiosis
C)global interdependence
D)global reliance

Question 16

What has research found about the belief that "one in two marriages ends in divorce"?

A)It is a valid conclusion supported by social science research.
B)This commonsense idea has been disproved by social science research.
C)This commonsense idea has been verified by social science research.
D)The hypothesis has not been investigated by social science researchers.

Question 17

Who described sociological reasoning as the sociological imagination?

A)Peter Berger
B)Talcott Parsons
C)Emile Durkheim
D)C Wright Mills

Question 18

What countries are characterized by highly industrialized economies;technologically advanced industrial,administrative,and service occupations;and relatively high levels of national and per capita income?

A)high-income countries
B)middle-income countries
C)low-income countries
D)developing countries

Question 19

Why is the sociological perspective unique?

A)It helps us understand how individual differences and differences in personal choice are largely a function of physiology and inheritance.
B)It allows sociologists to apply the same perspective and methods to the study of compelling social issues such as sexual assault.
C)It attempts to explain human behaviour from a moral and ethical perspective.
D)It is a point of view that helps us see how behaviour is shaped by the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live.

Question 20

The sociological imagination provides a link between which things?

A)individual feelings,societal issues,and global concerns
B)personal troubles and public issues
C)impersonal forces and public policy
D)individual ideas,shared values,and different viewpoints

Question 21

Whose sociological theory was based on the notion that society contained social statics and social dynamics?

A)Harriet Martineau
B)Herbert Spencer
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Auguste Comte

Question 22

Who argued that societies developed through a process of "struggle" for existence and "fitness" for survival,which suggested that only the fittest members of society would succeed?

A)Herbert Spencer
B)Auguste Comte
C)Charles Darwin
D)Émile Durkheim

Question 23

What is the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry?

A)absolutism
B)relativism
C)functionalism
D)positivism

Question 24

What was Auguste Comte's positivism based on?

A)the application of scientific knowledge to both physical and social phenomenon
B)using commonsense knowledge to predict likely events
C)the belief that subjective,value-based knowledge was attainable only through religion
D)supernatural laws

Question 25

According to the text,what happened between 1760 and 1850 beginning in Britain?

A)the Enlightenment
B)the Reformation
C)the Industrial Revolution
D)the Sociological Age

Question 26

According to Auguste Comte,what are forces for social order and stability referred to as?

A)statics
B)functions
C)dynamics
D)conflicts

Question 27

Who is widely considered to be the founder of sociology?

A)Harriet Martineau
B)Herbert Spencer
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Auguste Comte

Question 28

What countries are primarily agrarian in nature,with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income?

A)high-income countries
B)middle-income countries
C)low-income countries
D)developing countries

Question 29

Who made Comte's work more accessible,studied the social customs of Britain and the United States,and advocated for racial and gender equality?

A)Harriet Martineau
B)Karl Marx
C)Max Weber
D)Herbert Spencer

Question 30

Who is credited with having coined the term sociology?

A)Harriet Martineau
B)Herbert Spencer
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Auguste Comte

Question 31

Which of the following theorists advocated an evolutionary perspective on social order and change?

A)Herbert Spencer
B)Harriet Martineau
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Auguste Comte

Question 32

What is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing?

A)horticultural infusion
B)technological assimilation
C)urbanization
D)industrialization

Question 33

Who developed a sociological theory based on the idea that society contained both forces for social order and stability as well as forces for social conflict and change?

A)Harriet Martineau
B)Herbert Spencer
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Auguste Comte

Question 34

What do some scholars argue about Harriet Martineau's place in the history of sociology?

A)She should be regarded primarily as the translator of Auguste Comte's work.
B)She has always received widespread recognition for her contributions,especially being a female in a male-dominated discipline.
C)She should be regarded as a founding member of the field of sociology.
D)She was the first to argue that sociologists should be impartial in their assessment of society.

Question 35

Problems such as inadequate housing,crowding,poverty,pollution,and crime can be connected to what social process?

A)industrialization
B)urbanization
C)the enlightenment
D)urban sprawl

Question 36

Why was British sociologist Harriet Martineau significant to the work of Auguste Comte?

A)She made Auguste Comte's works more accessible for a wide variety of scholars.
B)She received widespread recognition for her contributions because she was a female in a male-dominated discipline.
C)She translated and condensed Comte's works but did not become an active sociologist in her own right.
D)She was the first sociologist to suggest that societies are built on social facts.

Question 37

Niger,Sudan,Afghanistan,and Ethiopia are examples of what kind of nation?

A)high-income countries
B)middle-income countries
C)low-income countries
D)overdeveloped countries

Question 38

Why did British theorist Herbert Spencer oppose attempts at social reform?

A)because Comte had shown previously that such attempts were a waste of public money
B)because he felt that attempting to fix one part of it would have no effect on society as a whole
C)because such reform might interfere with the natural selection process and damage society by favouring its least worthy members
D)because he believed that sociologists had to be much more involved in society in order to achieve their goals of social equality

Question 39

When was industrialization well under way in Canada and the United States?

A)by the start of the seventeenth century
B)at the same time that it started in Western Europe
C)by the late eighteenth century
D)by the mid-nineteenth century

Question 40

What is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas?

A)suburbanization
B)urbanization
C)industrialization
D)rural transformation

Question 41

Who put forward the idea that societies are built on social facts?

A)Herbert Spencer
B)Auguste Comte
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Max Weber

Question 42

Why might students be concerned with what Judith Shapiro refers to as "sociological illiteracy"?

A)Undergraduates want to write for an academic audience.
B)Few undergraduates demonstrate impressive levels of civic engagement.
C)Most undergraduates are able to think about issues at the level concerning policy and social structure.
D)As undergraduates,they lack the necessary tools for making connections between personal troubles and public issues.

Question 43

Whose emphasis on social stability or the "problem of order" has been criticized for obscuring the subjective meanings that individuals give to social phenomena such as religion,work,and suicide?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Karl Marx
C)Wright Mills
D)Max Weber

Question 44

According to Durkheim,what holds modern industrialized societies together?

A)anomie
B)shared moral beliefs and values
C)interdependence,due to specialized economic activity
D)biological factors

Question 45

In his work The Division of Labour in Society (1893),who concluded that societies were held together by strong traditions in preindustrial societies and interdependence in more advanced ones?

A)Herbert Spencer
B)Karl Marx
C)Émile Durkheim
D)Max Weber

Question 46

For sociologists,what serves as an overall approach to,or viewpoint on,some subject?

A)a hypothesis
B)a premise
C)a theory
D)a perspective

Question 47

A sociologist drawing on the work of Marx would claim that exploitation of the proletariat arises from which of the following?

A)that they were not allowed to own the means of production
B)being paid less than the value of their labour
C)having inefficient labour power
D)failure to produce a profit

Question 48

What do sociologists call a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe,explain,and (occasionally)predict social events?

A)hypothesis
B)premise
C)theory
D)perspective

Question 49

From a Marxian lens,when Jessica feels powerless and estranged from the company she works for,what problem does she have?

A)class conflict
B)alienation
C)future shock
D)anomie

Question 50

What are patterned ways of acting,thinking,and feeling that exist outside any one individual?

A)group behaviours
B)social facts
C)essential characteristics
D)psychological particulars

Question 51

If you were to apply verstehen to social analysis,which of the following would you be doing?

A)supporting the proletariat by bringing values into research
B)trying to enlighten others to the social facts around them
C)employing understanding to gain the ability to see the world as others see it
D)acknowledging and promoting personal beliefs and biases

Question 52

Who believed that values could not be separated from the research process?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Herbert Spencer
C)Karl Marx
D)Max Weber

Question 53

Whose theory focused primarily on exploring smaller social units?

A)Herbert Spencer
B)Ferdinand Tonnies
C)Herbert Gans
D)Georg Simmel

Question 54

Who believed that conflict is inevitable and necessary for producing social change?

A)Émile Durkheim
B)Auguste Comtec
C)Wright Mills
D)Karl Marx

Question 55

Richard sells his labour to the Small Shoe Factory.To which group does he belong?

A)the bourgeoisie
B)the lower class
C)the proletariat
D)the petit bourgeoisie

Question 56

The belief that those species of animals best adapted to their environment survive and prosper is also called what?

A)social Darwinism
B)social rationalization
C)relative selection
D)survival instinct

Question 57

Who are the bourgeoisie?

A)those who sell their labour in order to earn a livelihood
B)those who own and control the means of production
C)those who are opposed to the capitalist
D)those who are unemployed

Question 58

What Marxian term could you use to describe the computers,finances,and warehouses that form the economic basis of a society?

A)means of production
B)instruments of capitalism
C)trappings of the bourgeoisie
D)factory system

Question 59

Who analyzed how social interactions vary as a function of the size of the social group?

A)Herbert Spencer
B)Émile Durkheim
C)Harriet Martineau
D)Georg Simmel

Question 60

According to the text,what was notable about Max Weber's wife,Marianne Weber?

A)She was an important figure in the women's movement in Germany during the early twentieth century.
B)She founded the radical feminist movement.
C)She was a radical feminist who led a Marxist rebellion in Berlin.
D)She was a traditional housewife.

Question 61

The purpose of the law is to maintain order in society.What would a functionalist say about this?

A)This is a dysfunction of the law.
B)This is the latent function of the law.
C)This is a prerequisite function of the law.
D)This is the manifest function of the law.

Question 62

According to a functionalist analysis,crime results from which of the following?

A)social class pressures
B)psychological factors
C)social learning that takes place in the family and peer group
D)very weak or very strong social solidarity

Question 63

Who is generally regarded as the most influential contemporary advocate of the functionalist perspective?

A)George Herbert Mead
B)Peter Berger
C)Charles Horton Cooley
D)Talcott Parsons

Question 64

What perspective would argue that groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources?

A)functionalist
B)interactionist
C)conflict
D)postmodernist

Question 65

What would a functionalist call the undesirable consequences of any element of a society?

A)dysfunctions
B)latent functions
C)prerequisite functions
D)manifest functions

Question 66

Which scholars have found that gender plays a significant role in a person's risk for suicidal behaviour and how the suicidal behaviour is evaluated?

A)functionalists
B)postmodern analysts
C)symbolic interactionists
D)feminist theorists

Question 67

Suppose you took a functionalist perspective.How would you describe the social organization of a school division?

A)a dysfunctional organization characterized by conflict
B)a separate part functioning within the bureaucratic structure of public schools
C)an interrelated part that functions to serve the wider school system
D)the sum of individual and group interactions within schools

Question 68

A pedophile who is released from prison has been shunned by his family,neighbours,and coworkers and eventually commits suicide.What type of suicide would Durkheim classify this as?

A)egoistic suicide
B)altruistic suicide
C)anomic suicide
D)fatalistic suicide

Question 69

What is the hierarchical system of power in which males possess greater economic and social privilege than females?

A)matriarchy
B)egalitarian
C)patriarchy
D)patrilocal

Question 70

What do feminist perspectives assume?

A)Men and women have natural tendencies to be either aggressive or nurturing.
B)Because women are biologically capable of having babies,they should reproduce.
C)Women will always be primary caregivers of children.
D)Men can be primary caregivers of children if they are socialized as such.

Question 71

What would a functionalist call team building and an increase in morale that results after a weekend work retreat?

A)dysfunction
B)latent function
C)prerequisite function
D)manifest function

Question 72

What are unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants?

A)dysfunctions
B)latent functions
C)prerequisite functions
D)manifest functions

Question 73

Sociologists refer to making friends on the job as what type of function of work?

A)intended function
B)latent function
C)prerequisite function
D)manifest function

Question 74

Which of the following perspectives is most likely to attribute suicide to social class pressures and/or racial oppression?

A)functional
B)interactionist
C)postmodern
D)conflict

Question 75

From a functionalist perspective,a mother who makes all family decisions and is the primary breadwinner is performing what kind of tasks?

A)expressive
B)instrumental
C)contradictory
D)interdependent

Question 76

Which perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable,orderly system?

A)functionalist
B)conflict
C)interactionist
D)postmodern

Question 77

For sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf,what is the critical variable in explaining human behaviour?

A)humanitarianism
B)power
C)cooperation
D)resentment

Question 78

Who distinguished between manifest and latent functions of social institutions?

A)George Herbert Mead
B)Émile Durkheim
C)Talcott Parsons
D)Robert Merton

Question 79

Racism against minority groups and the wage gap between men and women are examples of which of the following,according to a functionalist?

A)dysfunction
B)latent function
C)prerequisite function
D)manifest function

Question 80

If you took a conflict perspective,how would you characterize the workplace?

A)a social organization characterized by struggle over interests
B)a separate part conflicting with the wider capitalist structure of society
C)an interrelated part that serves the wider economic system
D)the sum of the interactions and group interactions within the workplace