Deck 22: Collective Behavior, social Movements, and Social Change

Question 1

Which of the following tends to dissipate relatively quickly once a target has been injured,killed,or destroyed?

A)mob violence
B)panic
C)collective behaviour
D)civil disobedience

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What happens when public policy,culture,or social institutions are altered,modified,or transformed over time?

A)collective behaviour
B)social change
C)social unrest
D)social movements

Answer 2

B

Question 3

How would a sociologist define relatively spontaneous,unstructured activity that typically violates established social norms?

A)grassroots activism
B)organizational behaviour
C)institutional behaviour
D)collective behaviour

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Young people across the country annually participate in Free the Children's "Me to We" campaign.Some watch the television program at home,others organize with friends,and others attend events in their community.Which of the following terms best describes this group?

A)a mob
B)a casual crowd
C)a social collection
D)a mass

Question 5

When you sit in the gymnasium or lecture fall with a large group of students for your final exam,you are part of what kind of crowd?

A)conventional
B)protest
C)acting
D)casual

Question 6

Which term best describes a crowd whose members are engaged in violence against an infamous politician outside a government building?

A)a mob
B)an expressive crowd
C)a riot
D)a casual crowd

Question 7

The 1994 riot at the Prison for Women in Kingston is an example of which of the following types of crowd behaviour?

A)conventional
B)expressive
C)acting
D)protest

Question 8

When a collectivity is so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that members may erupt into violent or destructive behaviour,they form what type of crowd?

A)protest
B)expressive
C)acting
D)conventional

Question 9

According to sociologist John Lofland,what is a "publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behaviour?"

A)an aggregate opinion
B)a mass point of view
C)a dominant emotion
D)a collective opinion

Question 10

People who gathered together after the death of Princess Diana in 1997 to release grief and emotion were participating in what kind of crowd?

A)conventional
B)expressive
C)acting
D)casual

Question 11

People waiting at a station to get on the subway exemplify which of the following?

A)a conventional crowd
B)an expressive crowd
C)an acting crowd
D)a casual crowd

Question 12

A group of students who refuse to stand in line to have their student loan forms processed is an example of which of the following?

A)grassroots organization
B)change-based group
C)social movement
D)collectivity

Question 13

What increases the likelihood that collective behaviour will occur?

A)structural factors that decrease the chances of people responding in a particular way
B)integration of social control mechanisms
C)timing
D)a feeling of order and security

Question 14

After budget cuts from the provincial government,a university in Canada announced that the swimming pool would be closed.Students,members of the fitness centre,and concerned community members mobilized and ultimately were able to get the President to stall a decision on the closure for one year.What was the pool closure in this instance?

A)a common stimulus
B)a private matter
C)a social problem
D)a unifying force

Question 15

Unlike the organizational behaviour of McDonald's or Mothers Against Drunk Driving,what does collective behaviour lack?

A)public support
B)institutionalized norms
C)cultural traditions
D)labour

Question 16

What do Greenpeace,Save the Children,and student protest groups all have in common?

A)peaceful solutions
B)work with not-for-profit organizations
C)mobilization through protest
D)their pursuit of social change

Question 17

What kind of crowd usually forms during November and December at most malls across North America?

A)casual
B)conventional
C)collectivity
D)controlled

Question 18

What usually brings about social change?

A)evolutionary forces
B)collective behaviour and social movements
C)the passage of time
D)revolutions

Question 19

After the 2010 Olympic Hockey final game in Vancouver,several individuals wanting a picture with Sidney Crosby gathered outside the arena.Which of the following terms best describes them?

A)a social group
B)a crowd
C)a riot
D)a mob

Question 20

What is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity?

A)a social group
B)a critical mass
C)a category
D)a crowd

Question 21

Robert Park added which additional elements to contagion theory?

A)civil disobedience and social harm
B)social unrest and circular reaction
C)cyclical reaction and social unease
D)norms and values

Question 22

Who argued that members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class?

A)Thorstein Veblen
B)Pierre Bourdieu
C)Georg Simmel
D)Robert Park

Question 23

Without any proof,community members begin to discuss a recent homicide as gang related.What does this illustrate?

A)rumour
B)gossip
C)mass hysteria
D)panic

Question 24

Which theorist was responsible for the development of contagion theory?

A)Clark McPhail
B)Gustave Le Bon
C)Robert Park
D)Herbert Blumer

Question 25

What type of crowd behaviour occurred during the tragic flooding in New Orleans?

A)protest
B)riot
C)mob
D)panic

Question 26

Which of the following statements best reflects Georg Simmel's view of fashion as a means of status differentiation?

A)Members of the upper class have more manners of taste than do the lower classes.
B)Members of the upper class regard the fashions of the lower classes as being in bad taste.
C)Members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class exactly.
D)Members of the lower classes water down or vulgarize the fashions of the upper class,which are then no longer recognizable to members of the upper class.

Question 27

At a local high school,when the fire alarm is pulled during the final playoff game,the crowd of parents and spectators hurry out the building without regard to order and others' safety.What does this exemplify?

A)a demonstration
B)a mob
C)a riot
D)a panic

Question 28

Yu-Gi-Oh! Cards,Beanie-Babies,scooters,and Harry Potter are all examples of which of the following?

A)fashions
B)propaganda
C)fads
D)panics

Question 29

According to Turner and Killian,what develops when people define a new situation as unusual or see a long-standing situation in a new light?

A)convergent rules
B)contagious mores
C)emergent norms
D)noncircular reactions

Question 30

After untimely celebrity deaths (such as the recent deaths of Corey Haim,Brittany Murphy,and Gary Coleman),rumours tend to circulate about their lives and the circumstances of their death.What term did Charles Horton Cooley give for this?

A)public misconception
B)gossip
C)fad
D)tabloidism

Question 31

At a rally to protest the slaughter of cattle,Jeff becomes increasingly angry.Although not usually violent,he takes his boot and throws it at an executive for the Alberta Beef Industry.According to Le Bon's contagion theory,what happened?

A)Jeff was transformed from a collective to a rational being.
B)Jeff took on the hate and fear of the crowd and felt less personal responsibility for his actions.
C)Jeff was simply organizing to bring about social change.
D)Lack of anonymity made it harder for Jeff to engage in violence.

Question 32

What is the main difference between fads and fashion?

A)Fads are only followed by the lower classes,while fashions tend to be restricted to the upper classes.
B)Fashions tend to be longer lasting and more widespread than fads.
C)Fads are followed by narrowly defined groups,while fashions are followed by more widely dispersed collectives.
D)Fads tend to "trickle down" from the upper classes,while fashions are adapted by everyone simultaneously.

Question 33

Which of the following terms typically describes dispersed collective behaviour that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behaviour to a real or perceived threat?

A)mob psychology
B)a circular reaction
C)mass hysteria
D)a fad

Question 34

Which of the following terms refers to attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers?

A)fad
B)fashion
C)rumour
D)public opinion

Question 35

What kind of collective behaviour takes place when people from all over the world write letters,send e-mails,or sign petitions in response to the proposed execution of a woman who was raped?

A)faddish
B)mass
C)rumourous
D)hysteric

Question 36

What does the crowd do to individuals,according to Le Bon's contagion theory?

A)It transforms individuals from rational beings into a single organism with a collective mind.
B)It compels people to change their attitudes and accept behaviour they would not otherwise tolerate.
C)It brings people together in order to bring about social change.
D)It increases personal responsibility.

Question 37

Which of the following theories focuses on the shared emotions,goals,and beliefs many people bring to crowd behaviour?

A)circular reaction
B)crowd psychology
C)convergence theory
D)contagion theory

Question 38

An interior décor trend inspired by Zen is an example of which of the following?

A)fashion
B)a fad
C)gossip
D)a trend

Question 39

Which statement best reflects contagion theory?

A)People are less likely to engage in antisocial behaviour in a crowd because they feel they are being observed.
B)A crowd takes on a life of its own that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any one person.
C)Crowds encourage individual rationality.
D)Crowds are easily dispersed when the initial contagion passes.

Question 40

According to Robert Park,the interactive communication between persons is such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another who,in turn,reflects the discontent back to the first person.This involves which of the following?

A)Cyclical reactions lead to social unease.
B)Mob psychology leads to collective behaviour.
C)Social unrest is transmitted by a process of circular reaction.
D)Norms and values are transmitted by a process of collective behaviour.

Question 41

Anti-smoking and drug-free movements are examples of what kind of movement?

A)alternative
B)religious
C)revolutionary
D)resistance

Question 42

Which statement best summarizes the text's discussion of terrorism?

A)As the millennium approached,fears of terrorist attacks decreased.
B)Movements based on terrorism use tactics such as bombings,kidnappings,hostage takings,and assassinations.
C)Terrorism is still restricted to certain parts of the world,such as Ireland and the Middle East.
D)Suicide bombings are a very rare event.

Question 43

Anti-feminist backlash groups that are organized to oppose employment equity or domestic partnership initiatives are examples of what kind of movement?

A)revolutionary
B)reform
C)religious
D)resistance

Question 44

In what stage of a social movement does an organizational structure develop and a paid staff lead the group?

A)preliminary
B)incipiency
C)coalescence
D)institutionalization

Question 45

Which of the following statement best reflects the text's discussion of propaganda?

A)Propaganda can have positive effects on decision making.
B)Propaganda is negative because it is provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause.
C)The information provided by individuals or groups is incorrect;therefore,it is defined as propaganda.
D)Propaganda has very little influence on public opinion.

Question 46

In what stage of a social movement is there widespread unrest as people begin to become aware of the problem?

A)preliminary
B)incipiency
C)coalescence
D)institutionalization

Question 47

A group organized to protest lack of government support for early childhood education and daycare provision evolved into an organization called Child We Care.In what stage is this social movement?

A)preliminary
B)bureaucratization
C)coalescence
D)institutionalization

Question 48

Marx argued that workers would eventually overthrow capitalism and socialism would replace it.What kind of movement did Marx see as inevitable?

A)revolutionary
B)reform
C)religious
D)resistance

Question 49

A new group on campus that appeals to young people seeking meaning in life would be classified as which of the following?

A)revolutionary
B)reform
C)religious
D)alternative

Question 50

Union representatives Dave and Martin are comparing their achievements with those of Tim,Ian,and Nolan from another chapter and determine that the contract they just negotiated is inadequate.Which of the following concepts best explains this case?

A)relative deprivation
B)unfulfilled rising expectations
C)anomie
D)structured alienation

Question 51

The feminist movement is an example of what kind of social movement?

A)revolutionary
B)reform
C)religious
D)alternative

Question 52

Which term refers to an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action?

A)a revolution
B)a social aggregate
C)a social movement
D)an interest collectivity

Question 53

What theory argues that people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change?

A)value-added
B)resource mobilization
C)functionalist
D)relative deprivation

Question 54

Which theory places emphasis on the role of "unfulfilled rising expectations?"

A)value-added
B)relative deprivation
C)resource mobilization
D)new social movement

Question 55

On February 1st,Students for Justice holds a social justice day on campus where members hand out pamphlets and buttons and local activist musicians perform.In what stage is this social movement?

A)preliminary
B)bureaucratization
C)coalescence
D)institutionalization

Question 56

The celibacy club chapter at a local junior high school might be connected to a larger abstinence movement.This is an example of which of the following movements?

A)revolutionary
B)reform
C)religious
D)alternative

Question 57

A religious movement that forecasts "the end is near" is an example of which of the following movements?

A)millenarian
B)alternative
C)regressive
D)renewal

Question 58

What kind of social movement involves the calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce for the purpose of gaining some political,religious,economic,or social objective?

A)resistance
B)alternative
C)terrorism
D)reform

Question 59

Resistance movements that seek to prevent change that has already occurred are also referred to by what other name?

A)revolutionary
B)reform
C)religious
D)regressive

Question 60

The Assembly of First Nations,Mines Action Canada,and Father's Rights Groups are all involved in which of the following?

A)a revolution
B)a social aggregate
C)a social movement
D)an interest collectivity

Question 61

What theory is best suited to explore the impact of the amount of financial support,building space,and labour power the environmental movement has?

A)new social movement
B)relative deprivation
C)valued-added
D)resource mobilization

Question 62

The belief that a disproportionate number of hazardous facilities,such as chemical plants,are placed in low-income areas populated primarily by visible minorities is referred to as what?

A)urban displacement
B)eco-discrimination
C)environmental racism
D)racist pollution

Question 63

According to Anthony Orum,what is the best predictor of participation in a social movement?

A)monetary support
B)passion for social change
C)prior membership in organizations or political involvement
D)feelings of discontent and deprivation

Question 64

Which of the following theories looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture?

A)resource mobilization theory
B)value-added theory
C)relative deprivation theory
D)new social movement theory

Question 65

Despite having fewer than 10 committed members,the Social Justice Group at Grant MacEwan University successfully raised approximately $10,000 in two years for charities and non-for-profits,including World Vision,the Red Cross,UNICER,and the Edmonton Inner City Children's Project.Which of the following theories would do a poor job of explaining the group's success?

A)new social movement
B)relative deprivation
C)resource mobilization
D)value-added

Question 66

What is one major criticism of value-added theory?

A)It doesn't take into account the complexity of social movements.
B)It is not possible to test for the necessary and sufficient conditions predicted by Smelser.
C)It tends to underemphasize the importance of resources in social movements.
D)It ignores the role of generalized beliefs.

Question 67

The assumption that social movements are an interactive,symbolically defined,and negotiated process that involves participants,opponents,and bystanders is characteristic of which of the following?

A)resource mobilization
B)frame analysis
C)relative deprivation
D)new social movement theories

Question 68

Refer to Scenario 1.Mothers' rights groups are examples of which of the following?

A)a riot
B)a mass
C)a crowd
D)a social movement

Question 69

What theory focuses on the process through which members of a social movement gather,trade,use,and occasionally waste resources as they seek to advance their cause?

A)resource mobilization
B)value-added
C)relative deprivation
D)new social movement

Question 70

Who developed value-added theory?

A)Karl Marx
B)Neal Smelser
C)William Gamson
D)Steven M.Buecher

Question 71

What is one major shortcoming of resource mobilization theory?

A)It fails to account for social changes brought about by groups with limited resources.
B)It ignores the impact that wealthy citizens can have through their financial support.
C)It doesn't take into account the linkages to other social movements and external sources of support.
D)It is based on the belief that participants in social movements are irrational people.

Question 72

Such hypothetical groups as Environmental Action Now,Ecofeminists for Peace,and Enviro-Just would be examples of which of the following?

A)flash mobs
B)new social movements
C)resistance movements
D)traditional social movements

Question 73

Based on an analysis of 53 U.S.social protest groups ranging from labour unions to peace movements between 1800 to 1945,what did sociologist William Gamson conclude had strongly influenced each movement's chances of success?

A)presence of available resources
B)the organization and tactics of a movement
C)the presence of charismatic leaders
D)the extent of communal bonding

Question 74

What theory argues that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement?

A)emergent norm theory
B)resource mobilization theory
C)value-added theory
D)relative deprivation theory

Question 75

According to Erving Goffman,which kind of framing occurs when a movement identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group?

A)diagnostic framing
B)prognostic framing
C)motivational framing
D)systemic framing

Question 76

Which of the following assists us in thinking creatively about how we can contribute to the social issues discussed in the text?

A)scientific methodology
B)the sociological imagination
C)global technology
D)the physical environment

Question 77

Before a social movement develops,people must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.This illustrates what sociologist Neal Smelser referred to as which of the following?

A)structural conduciveness
B)structural strain
C)spread of generalized belief
D)precipitating factors

Question 78

According to Neal Smelser,when a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,a social movement may develop.How does he refer to this condition?

A)social control factors
B)structural strain
C)spread of generalized belief
D)mobilization for action

Question 79

Who is more likely to participate in a social movement,Jason,who is a member of Greenpeace,or Kathy,who has always been passionate about animals and wants to be an animal rescuer?

A)Jason
B)Kathy
C)They both have an equal chance of participating in a social movement.
D)There is insufficient information to speculate.

Question 80

Sociologist Stella M.Capek's study of a contaminated landfill in the Carver Terrace neighbourhood of Texarkana,Texas,had which of the following main findings?

A)Residents saw no relationship between their plight and that of residents in areas such as the Love Canal.
B)Residents were able to symbolically link their issue to an environmental justice framework and win a federal buyout and relocation.
C)Residents were powerless when confronted with the federal bureaucracy.
D) Residents believed that the problem resulted from natural causes over which they had no control.